Routine in Business Organizations Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4750 words

Routine in Business Organizations - Essay Example A routine is defined as a habit of doing something in a particular order. The pattern of routines in a family calls for a core routine which is followed daily such as waking up, taking breakfast, getting ready for work or school. These routines become almost automatic and take a lot of discipline. Routine is usually considered as a plane or a timetable that determines your day, week or yearly activities. One can take note of the time and the activities that need to be accomplished during those planned times. Therefore, routines are commonplace tasks, chores or duties that must be done regularly, or at specified intervals, typical or in everyday activities. In this literature review a critical examination of the context of routine, its use and application in business organizations as well as in the field of psychology where routine is sometimes integral to the intervention strategies, is explored. Also included in this review is the model of routines applied in management and psychology. It is imperative that a clear understanding of the concept of routine be derived from previous research. Hodgson, in his critical analysis of Nelson and Winter's "Evolutionary Theory of Economic Change" (1982), found that the authors sometimes defined routine as genotypes or attributable to dispositions and sometimes it is defined as phenotypes or attributed to behavior (363).. He presents genotypes as "the generative rule" that includes "the forms, rules, procedures, conventions, strategies, and technologies" that are "inherent in ingrained individual habits and in organizational routines." (364) Hence, habits and dispositions are conditional, dependent on the generative mechanisms that produce behavior. The appropriate definition for routine would be: "A routine is an executable capability for repeated performance in some context that [has] been learned by an organization in response to selective pressures." Therefore, routines in the management case are potentialities, not behavior. In the world of psychology today, psychoanalysis is specifically and centrally about those 'murky concepts'. Over the last couple of years cognitive psychology has become focused of the study of emotion made by philosophers, psychologists and neuroscientist rather than traditional cognitive scientists. Another alternative to psychoanalysis is socio-biology; a subtler and more promising form called Darwinian Psychology, also uses evolutionary variable to explain human behaviour which focuses on emotion though their descriptions are ingrained from intuition theories and are articulated from different ways of reacting to struggle for survival. These explanations are all speculation, which are not necessarily true factors (Young, 2008). Another down point with psychology and routine is that psychologists seem to have no greater interest in routine and scheduling, when they should have because of the high impact it plays on human's life and behaviour. One can learn a lot concerning the hu man mind, behaviour, and the social aspects of behaviour as well. But there are no focuses on how routine can affect ones' behaviour, life style, and even the impact of stress. Surprisingly, the bulk of research deals with only a small number or routine- related topics. Many of today's psychology articles on routine focuses on broad topics like the impact of routine in the work

Managing Business Organizations Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Managing Business Organizations - Assignment Example Your organizational culture is a key component of a person's willingness to become a part of the organization. Business politics starts with the gain of power within the firm. Avoiding politics in your organization can have negative effects. Successful management means to understand the importance of managing employees at all levels through leadership and influence, using strategies to convert your foes into your friends and Manage power and politics at levels. Managing communication is a very important role of all managers in the 21st-century work field. Nowadays with the increasing diversity and ever growing technology being able to communicate with the people in the organization and having a continuous and smooth flow of information is vital for the survival of the organization. (Source: www.rebeccamorgan.com) Decision-making steps help you to make the appropriate decisions with the information available. This process helps you figure out how to solve business problems, choose the best course of action to take, the consequences of decisions and the importance of individuals in the organization. (source: www.mindtools.com) In businesses, managers should now prepare themselves how to handle an increasingly diverse workforce and work effectively across globally. Multicultural Environment exists when people from all backgrounds work together, share knowledge, understand and cooperate with each other. (Source: www.chariscorp.com)

Discuss the dramatic impact of act 2 scene 2 Essay Example for Free

Discuss the dramatic impact of act 2 scene 2 Essay To achieve maximum impact in this scene, unconventional methods should be used to show how Macbeth is slowly beginning to slip into madness. Shakesphere has added an owl shrieking, this is to perhaps set up a dark atmosphere to link the scene with evil. The owls shriek should just begin as Macbeth kills Duncan to show that a evil deed has been committed. Shakephere has deliberately not shown you the actual murder-taking place to show guilt and also by not seeing it we are left to imagine the murder-taking place and may, perhaps, have more affect on the viewer. It can be imagined as being bloodier than it really is. As Macbeth enters on to the stage with bloody hand he should drop to his knees to show how he realizes that what he has done is so evil and it also shows how a psychological impact is starting to take place on him. As Lady Macbeth enters, she should enter slowly and silently to symbolize how the witches disappear and appear as if from nowhere. This shows how evil she is and cold hearted. She should remain calm as if to show no feelings towards what has happened. Lady Macbeth just wants to get back to bed and have the deed finished quickly. As Macbeth begins to tell his speech of how the guards were talking in there sleep, one cried, god bless us! And amen the other. Macbeth should say it slowly as if he is worried and as he comes to say the word amen he should stutter as if to show he still cannot say it. This shows the evil taking over Macbeth as anything related to good he has problems saying. Lady Macbeth would not commit the deed herself because as Duncan sleeps she resembles her father but she would be happy to kill her own baby as shown earlier on in the book. However she will make sure that the deed is complete without any problems by framing the two servants. A feint knocking should start in the background of the scene as Lady Macbeth departs to finish off the deed, the knocking should be in such away so that it resembles a heartbeat. Macbeth at this point should start scrubbing hands vigorously to show that there seems to be an everlasting amount of blood, like a sea of blood. This shows how evil the deed was and how bloody it was also. The knocking should get louder and faster to resemble Macbeths heart beat slowly getting faster as he gets more nervous and as he slowly begins to slip into madness. In this scene the stage should be mainly dark, there should be no lights focused upon Macbeth or Lady Macbeth to show that they are in darkness and evil. The lighting should be positioned in a way so that they are behind the two characters showing how they have left the light and goodness into the darkness and evil. Macbeth should enter the stage and collapse not starting to speak for several seconds to show how Macbeth it thinking of what he has done. Macbeth should breathe heavily to show his fear and anxiety. He should stare at the daggers and keep his eyes fixed on the daggers until he gives them to Lady Macbeth. This shows how he realizes that the deed is wrong but it is too late to late to go back and change what he has done. This shows that Macbeth is slowly beginning to slip into madness. Macbeth should shout most of his lines where as Lady Macbeth should whisper to show that Lady Macbeth is calm at this point where as Macbeth is scared and angry. The shriek that the owl makes should be loud and fast to show that the murder has been carried out quickly and smoothly. As Macbeth begins to clean the blood off his hands he should scrub it clean off but carry on to show that he is seeing his hands as being still covered in blood but are really clean. This shows that he is going mad.

Perfect Competition And Its Characteristics Economics Essay

Perfect Competition And Its Characteristics Economics Essay Firstly, below there I will discuss about the chapter of monopoly, its definition, characteristics and its diagram. Monopoly have separated to four terms it is included one seller and large number of buyers, no close substitute, restriction of entry of new firms and the last is advertising. Monopoly has differentiated into two types of monopoly; it is included of natural monopoly and government-created monopoly. Natural monopoly means that one firm can provide the lowest cost compared to the other two or more firms that could not provide. Government create monopolies is to avoid firms that they want to entrance into a market. In my conclusion, it can let me deeply understanding and learning about what is monopoly. Monopolist is the price marker it is the only seller or producer in the market so that it has the own right and power to contain the price. I will be discussing perfect competition, monopolist competition, oligopoly and the last of monopoly and those of it characteristics in the market. What are the standard to be in those of the perfect and monopolist competition even through oligopoly and monopoly in the market? In my conclusion, I can deeply understand and learned about the fourth of containing perfect competition, monopolist competition, oligopoly and monopoly. Above on, those of the classes also have their own characteristics in the market. Content Page 1.0 Introduction Question 1 1.1 Answer Question 1 1.2 Monopoly and its characteristics 1.3 One seller and large number of buyers 1.4 No close substitution 1.5 Restriction of entry of new firms 1.6 Monopoly Diagram 1.7 Conclusion Question 1 2.0 Introduction Question 2 2.1 Answer Question 2 2.2 Perfect Competition and its characteristics 2.3 Large number of buyers and sellers 2.4 Homogenous or standardized product 2.5 Free of entry and exit 2.6 Role of non-price competition 2.7 Perfect knowledge of the market 2.8 Absence of transport cost 2.9 Monopolist Competition and its characteristics 2.10 Large number of seller and buyers 2.11 Product differentiation 2.12 Easy entry and exit 2.13 Non-price competition 2.14 Selling cost 2.15 Oligopoly and its characteristics 2.16 Few numbers of firms 2.17 Homogenous or differentiated product 2.18 Barriers to entry 2.19 Monopoly and its characteristics 2.20 One seller and large number of buyers 2.21 No close substitute 2.22 Restriction of entry of new firms 2.23 Conclusion Question 2 3.0 References 4.0 Appendices 1.0 Introduction Question 1 Firstly, below there I will discuss about the chapter of monopoly, its definition, characteristics and its diagram. Monopoly have separated to four terms it is included one seller and large number of buyers, no close substitute, restriction of entry of new firms and the last is advertising. Finally, Monopoly has differentiated into two types of monopoly; it is included of natural monopoly and government-created monopoly. Answer Question 1 Monopoly and its characteristics Monopoly is refers to a small firm or is the only producer and seller of a good that has no close substitute. Below here we will start to discuss about the monopoly characteristics. 1.3 One seller and large number of buyers Monopoly appearance or survive in the market when there is only seller of a product. Monopoly industry only firm in the business line to selling a product which has no similar substitute. So normally there is no discrepancy between a firm and an industry in monopoly because there is only one seller in the market. 1.4 No close substitute Monopoly industry would sell a goods or product which has no similar substitute. It means that consumers or buyers could not find any similar substitute for the product in the market. 1.5 Restriction of entry of new firms In a monopoly market, there are rigorous obstacles to the entrance of a new industry or a firm. Obstacles have entrance are physical and legal restraints that stint the entrance of new firms into the industry. A monopolist confronts no emulation because of obstacles of entrance. 1.6 Monopoly Diagram F:Sem3Micro assignmentmonopolyprofits1.gif Above on is the diagram of monopoly and I will explain about it below here. The profit maximizing output may be sold at Price P1 above the average cost AC at output Q1. The industry is producing unusual monopoly profits display by the yellow shaded area. The area of below ATC1 that displays the total cost of producing output Qm. Total cost amounts average overall cost multiplied by the output. 1.7 Conclusion Question 1 In my conclusion, it can let me deeply understanding and learning about what is monopoly. Monopoly in the market that is the only seller and has large number of buyers and selling the products that has no similar substitute and have a higher entrance and exit obstacle. Monopolist is the price marker it is the only seller or producer in the market so that it has the own right and power to contain the price. 2.0 Introduction Question 2 I will be discussing perfect competition, monopolist competition, oligopoly and the last of monopoly and those of it characteristics in the market. What are the standard to be in those of the perfect and monopolist competition even through oligopoly and monopoly in the market? I will also discussing those of its characteristics function and effect in the market. 2.1 Answer Question 2 2.2 Perfect Competition and its characteristics Perfect competition is referring to the market in which there are many buyers and sellers, the products are homogeneous and the sellers may readily join and leave from the market. 2.3 Large number of buyers and sellers The amount of a single seller sells in a market is so tiny emulated to the integrated industry. For examples, in an agricultural industry, there are thousands of duck producers in Thailand. Each industry producers have exclusive that containing a tiny of fraction of the overall agricultural firm. Even the industry increases its production; it also does not influence much on the entire firm, so that no one industry or seller can affect the price of the product in the market. 2.4 Homogenous or standardized product The consumers do not distinguish the products of one seller to another seller. For examples, the consumers cannot distinguish the duck sold in the industry A and industry B, so the industry cannot change distinct prices for the equally product in the market. 2.5 Free of entry and exit There is no restraint on enter into a new firms to the industry or leave the firms form the industry. For example, every industry who expect to open up a boutique can manipulate the business if he/ she has the essential elements of the production as the currently industry. Even if any industry worries about deficits it can exit the firm without any rules or restraints. 2.6 Role of non-price competition Selling cost are the expenses for expend to raise the sale of a product or raise the requirement for that product. For examples, we will not see any commercial in the mass media that broadcast about duck or floras specifically without any brand. 2.7 Perfect knowledge of the market Sellers and buyers also need to know the price of charged by others sellers in the market. For example, Phil has all of the information needed to grow Aloe vela. This is the similar information possessed by Becky, Dan, Alicia, and the other great number of aloe vela producers. Phil also knows that the going price of aloe vela is 50 cents. All of the aloe vela buyers know that the going price is fifty cents. 2.8 Absence of transport cost In perfect competition it is supposed that many companies task so occlude to each other that there are no any transport costs. 2.9 Monopolist Competition and its characteristics Monopolist competition is a market construction in which there are major numbers of small sellers betray distinguish products but there are occlude substitute products and it is liable join and leave from the market. Below here I would like to share about monopolist competition characteristics, and its have separate to five terms of specific. 2.10 Large number of seller and buyers In the monopolist competition market there are the major number of industries are retaining. For examples, by the shampoo firms, the prices for a 500ml shampoo scope among brands have included Sunsilk, Pantene, Loreal Professionals and other well industries. 2.11 Product differentiation Product differentiation it means the products of the firm is selling or producing that are deeply not similar. For example, if the foods are sold in open skin, then the fruits are in perfect competition market. But if the same fruits are packaged in a box and labeled as Health fruits, then this product is in monopolistic competition. 2.12 Easy entry and exit Any new industry that would join in an industry must find certain discrimination with the existing brands. For example, if Sunsilk shampoo wants to join into the shampoo firm, this industry must find certain distinct in terminology of diathesis, smell, model or labeling in order to be monopolistic competition. 2.13 Non-price competition Classes of non-price competition fulfills in monopolist competition market are included commercials, promotion, rebates, free gifts, after sales services and many others. For example, the opponent industries contend with each other through commercial by which they alter the buyers wants for their products and fascinate more buyers. 2.14 Selling cost Selling cost can be referring to expenses produce to fascinate buyers towards a special brand. For example, by these ways, the industry attempts to make a beneficial divert in requirement for the product and attempts to capture the market. 2.15 Oligopoly and its characteristics Oligopoly is a market construction in which there are exclusive a few industries selling either demarcated or distinguished products and it limits the entrance into the exit from the market. Oligopoly has a few of the characteristics and it will be discussed below the following. 2.16 Few numbers of firms Inside oligopoly the number of industries is small but size of the industries is large. For example, is premeditating oligopolistic if the top five industries produce half the firms overall yield. 2.17 Homogenous or differentiated product A product sold below oligopoly can be probably a homogeneous or a distinct product. For example, computer or household products implements produced by one firm are similar to another firm. Same as the petroleum sold by Malaysia is unanimous to the petroleum by Middle East countries like Iran, Saudi Arabia and Kuwait. 2.18 Barriers to entry These unusual characteristics also provide assists in distinguishing an oligopolistic market from a monopolistic market, if a new industry be able to join in a monopolistic market and decrease advantage of the large industry. For examples, as a new industry attempt the imaginary telecommunications market deliberated earlier it will have to contend against already subsisting brand names, install a creating unit without certain initial sales or revenue from the business and it will need to come over with innovative production skills to support it in the long run. 2.19 Monopoly and its characteristics Monopoly is refers to a small firm or is the only producer and seller of a good that has no close substitute. 2.20 One seller and large number of buyers Monopoly industry only firm in the business line to selling a product which has no similar substitute. So normally there is no discrepancy between a firm and an industry in monopoly because there is only one seller in the market. Monopolist is a price marker means that there is only a seller and producer and it has the own right and powerful to control over the price in the market. 2.21 No close substitute It means that consumers or buyers could not find any similar substitute for the product in the market. For examples, Indah water it is the only seller of provided consumers or buyers for their water resources in the daily life and it is no similar substitute in the market. 2.22 Restriction of entry of new firms In a monopoly market, there are rigorous obstacles to the entrance of a new industry or a firm. Obstacles have entrance are physical and legal restraints that stint the entrance of new firms into the industry. A monopolist confronts no emulation because of obstacles of entrance. Perfect competition and monopolist competition are distinct to each other in that they depict deeply distinct markets scripts that relate distinct in prices, standard of emulation, number of market players, and classes of products sold. The definition of monopoly is one firm in the marketplace selling a special product. An oligopoly is a small body of an industry includes the market for a unusual product. In the fact, there can be several, or especially many smaller contestants to a monopoly or an oligopoly, but monopolist or oligopoly also contains the extensive share of the market. For example, criterion oil duplicity drove new participants out of the market before its break up. 2.23 Conclusion Question 2 In my conclusion, I can deeply understand and learned about the fourth of containing perfect competition, monopolist competition, oligopoly and monopoly. Above on, those of the classes also have their own characteristics in the market.

Essay on the Growth of Nora and Kristina Linde in Ibsens A Dolls Hous

The Growth of Nora and Kristina Linde in A Doll's House      Ã‚  Ã‚   A Doll's House by Henrik Ibsen, is a play that was written ahead of its time. In this play Ibsen tackles prevailing social norms by presenting two strong-willed women. Both Kristina and Nora chose the men they married by an intellectual rather than an emotional process: Kristina gave up the man she loved (Nils Krogstad) to provide economic security for her mother and her two younger brothers; Nora married Torvald Helmer at a time when he could have prosecuted her father for financial activities which were wrong if not simply illegal.1 Whether she married him out of thankfulness or to influence him during the time of decision is not clear, but one doubts that this timing was mere coincidence; if Nora married Torvald Helmer to save her father, we have reason to doubt that she was ever as empty-headed a "doll" as she claimed to be.    Neither woman knew how to convey her thoughts and feelings to the man she loved: When Kristina broke off with Nils Krogstad, she believed she would spare him grief by ending the relationship ruthlessly and, necessarily, crushing the love he bore her. She was badly mistaken. In making him believe that she had thrown him over for a richer man, she drove him into crime. When she comes to visit Nora she has been on her own for three years and learned how to support herself. Moreover, she has become so aware of her own motivations and such an understanding of his that she comes to the town with the deliberate intent of speaking with her now-widowed lover, and she is so beyond society's concept of what a woman should do and say in a courtship that she can begin the discussion of love and marriage with him. The audience can see that ha... ... 2. The best description of this subplot and love story is Davies (1982:33-34).    Works Cited and Consulted: Brandes, Georg. 1964. Henrik Ibsen. A Critical Study. New York: Benjamin Blom. Reprint of 1899 edition. Clurman, Harold. 1977. Ibsen. New York: Macmillan. Davies, H. Neville. 1982. "Not just a bang and a whimper: the inconclusiveness of Ibsen's A Doll's House." Critical Quarterly 24:33-34. Heiberg, Hans. 1967. Ibsen. A Portrait of the Artist. Coral Gables, Florida: University of Miami. Henrik Ibsen, A Doll's House. Dover Thrift Edition, 1992 Koht, Halvdan. 1971. Life of Ibsen. New York: Benjamin Blom. Meyer, Michael. 1971. Ibsen. A Biography. Garden City, N.Y.: Doubleday and Company. Northam, John. 1965. "Ibsen's Search for the Hero." Ibsen. A Collection of Critical Essays. Englewood Cliffs, N.J.: Prentice-Hall.

Gunslinger: Battle Between Good and Evil :: essays research papers

The dilemma between good and evil began long before our time, and it’s been chronicled since man could write. Stephen King, one of the controversial writers of our time, brings his characters to life by giving them peculiar attributes, individual and bold attitudes, and places them in unusual predicaments. The Gunslinger series by Stephen King is a sequence of books that show the internal struggle between good and evil. His character are presented with obstacles, and readers observe how each one responds to the challenges presented to them, waiting to see how far they will go to achieve what they believe is the greater good. King realistically conveys to his readers that although his characters put forth their best efforts to do what they feel is upright, their actions are not always in their best interests. The author clearly shows readers that no amount of good a person does can prevent them from getting hurt. In books one, two, and four King puts his characters through cer tain situations to create certain outcomes. King makes an effort to show readers how people arrive at the right, or wrong choice, in different situations. This is, of course, the classic struggle between good and evil.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  King introduces Roland, the protagonist, in â€Å"Gunslinger†. Roland is crucial in King’s endeavor to present to his readers how people make the choice between good and evil. In â€Å"Gunslinger†, Roland is presented with an option; he can either save a boy’s life, or he can let the boy plunge to his death and not deviate from his plan. Roland loves the boy, Jake, and is torn between saving him and pursuing his target, the man in black. Roland decides to sacrifice his friend’s life in order to hound the man in black. Roland’s goal is to reach the Dark Tower, and he feels that he must make sacrifices and forgo the sentimental, in order to achieve his goal. His ultimate goal is what he believes is the greater good, and he will go to any length to reach it. Society has sacrificed of innocence to achieve their definitive purpose, history is proof of this. King simply brings this to light. Roland has love for the boy; however, in not saving his life he saves more lives in the end. Saving Jake’s life might be in Jake’s best interest, but in doing so Roland will be affected negatively.

Characters in Hamlet Essay

Why does one live? What purpose does one serve? What is the meaning of life? These are all existential questions that both ancient and modern philosophers have yet to satisfactorily answer. The weight of one’s mortality and the differences of life and death are introduced right from the start of Shakespeare’s play _Hamlet_ having Hamlet, in the aftermath of his father’s death, attempt to explore these existential questions, seeking truth and understanding as he tries to grasp the anecdote about his father’s death. Claudius on the other hand is deeply considering his actions while also enduring a very difficult apprehension of life after death. Claudius acts to generate Hamlet’s confusion and anger, and his ensuing search for truth and life’s meaning, but Claudius himself is not a stationary character. In private, he is a very different character. It is clear that Claudius is seen as a murderous villain, but a divided villain: a man who cannot refrain from nourishing his own desires. He is not a monster, only morally weak, intent on trading his humanity for power. Polonius is a man filled with confidence in his knowledge, and while he is a blowhard, and he does spout sayings, his cliches constitute sound advice and his observations prove themselves prophetic. In _Hamlet_, life and death provides multiple influences and consequences for each of these characters, affecting both their well-beings and sense of meaning. Finik 2 Hamlet is a university student of Wittenberg who frequently contemplates on several perplexing philosophical questions, and possibly suicide. When King Hamlet, his father, dies, he returns home to Denmark only to discover that there was evidence of foul play in his father’s death. â€Å"_The serpent that did sting thy father’s life/Now wears his crown_. † (I. V. 39-40). The Ghost of King Hamlet tells Hamlet that his uncle Claudius is the murderer. Feeling decisive, Hamlet seeks to prove Claudius’ guilt before he takes any action. However, Hamlet is too quick to act at times: he constantly exaggerates his intellect while ignoring his emotions and what feels right. Although his father’s death set high emotions for Hamlet, it serves as only one of the troublesome events for Hamlet. The fact that his mother, Gertrude, has ended her mourning and married another man (Claudius) so quickly, shows Hamlet the differences in some peoples thoughts, decisions, and possibly way of life. â€Å"_Frailty, thy name is women_! † (I,II,146). In this quote, Hamlet is speaking in his first soliloquy. The â€Å"women† he specifically refers to is his mother. Hamlet feels that Gertrude is weak and not strong enough to mourn his father any longer. Hamlet even continues to say that not even an animal, or beast, who has no reasoning or skills, would have abandoned the mourning so quickly. All in all, this shows how angry and distressed Hamlet is by his mother’s marriage. Although Hamlet appears to be the exemplar of an anti-existentialist from the outset of the play, Hamlet’s logic slowly begins to unravel, with layer after layer revealing more snippets of Hamlet’s emotion. As Hamlet speaks the line: _To be, or not to be, that is the question:_ _Whether ’tis nobler in the mind to suffer_ _The slings and arrows of outrageous fortune,_ _Finik 3_ _Or to take arms against a sea of troubles_ (III,I,58-61) He is contemplating the thought of suicide and wishing that God had not made suicide a sin. Hamlet’s anxiety and uncertainty causes him to doubt the power of reason alone to solve his issues. Hamlet begins to realize that reason is helpless in dealing with the depths of human life, which is one of the central assertions of existentialism. However, in considering both his emotions and reasoning, Hamlet avoids the temptation of suicide knowing that to escape life’s pain, would mean to eternally suffer in hell. By deciding to stay alive and counter Claudius’ fraud, Hamlet strongly demonstrates his inner existential qualities. As Claudius is introduced, he expresses himself as an intelligent and capable leader. Claudius gives a speech intent on making his court and country satisfied with their new leader, addressing the people of his brother’s death, his recent marriage and the potential unease with Norway. Claudius is well aware that if any change would occur in the government, civil unrest would definitely unfold. His speech combines the people’s loss with a new beginning that they will have under his responsibility. He also uses the death of King Hamlet to create a sense of national unification, â€Å"_the whole kingdom/To be contracted in one brow of woe_† (I.II. 3-4), but in private, Claudius conceals a very different personality. The Ghost refers to him as â€Å"_that incestuous, that adulterate beast_† (I. V. 42), and soon, his crime is what is known to be what is â€Å"_rotten in the state of Denmark_† (I. IV. 90). The King has committed fratricide and has taken the Queen with â€Å"_the witchcraft of his wit_† (I. V. 47). Claudius represents the worst of human dignity, showing greed, corruption and excess. However, Claudius is not entirely a sociopath. His actions occasionally weigh heavy on him: Finik 4 _O, ’tis true_. _How smart a lash that speech doth give my conscience! _ _The harlot’s cheek, beautified with plastering art,_ _Is not more ugly to the thing that helps it_ _Than is my deed to my most painted word:_ _O heavy burden_ (III. I. 49-53) Claudius tries to ask God for forgiveness in a soliloquy, but realizes that he still profits from his crimes and is not willing to give them up. â€Å"_But what form of prayer/Can serve my turn? Forgive me my foul murder/That cannot be, since I am still possess’d of those effects for which I did murder_† (III. IV. 52-54). Claudius can also how some sensitivity. He is genuinely sorry for Polonius’ death, and he honestly loves Gertrude. Although he strongly intends on killing Hamlet, he refuses to do so himself on Gertrude’s behalf. Claudius may show sensitivity for many characters but, nobody comes before his own desires. A great example of this is how Claudius does not even intend to stop Gertrude from drinking the poison in the goblet during the duel between Hamlet and Laertes because it would have implicated Claudius in his plot to kill Hamlet. Therefore, putting his desires in front of all. Whereas most other characters in _Hamlet_ are preoccupied with ideas of justice, revenge, and moral balance, Claudius is decided upon maintaining power. Polonius, a man brimming with confidence, seems like a feeble old man who cannot say anything without attempting a great speech. At other times, it feels as if though he is Finik 5 undermining the life of the court through a network of spies. When Polonius finds his son Laertes, before leaving for France, he urges him â€Å"_aboard, aboard_† (I. III. 55), but proceeds to prevent him from boarding by giving some advise. This speech concludes with the message- â€Å"_to thine own self be true/thou canst not then be false_† (I. III. 79-80). Yet, sometime later, Polonius is ordering Reynaldo to spy on Laertes and deliberately trap him by deceit â€Å"_and there put on him what forgeries you please_,† (II. I. 19-20) meaning to be false, to say that Laertes is into â€Å"_drinking, fencing, swearing, quarrelling, and drabbing_† (II. I. 26-27). Contrary to what Polonius has told Laertes, he is telling Reynaldo to be false and that his â€Å"_bait of falsehood takes this carp of truth_† (II. I. 63). In all, Polonius is concerned about his own reputation more than the feelings and well-being of others. He puts plenty of effort into earning what he thinks is right and uses long speeches to convince others. In the end however, he is killed by one of his own ingenious plans. Hamlet’s perpetual reflection does finally help him to overcome his great anxiety. When he returns from exile in Act V, Hamlet appears to be very different. He is calm and less afraid of death. He has come to realize that destiny is ultimately controlling all of our lives, and any sense or question of existentialism would change nothing. Hamlet is ready to confront the circuitous truth that to avenge his father’s death he must commit the same act for which he seeks revenge. He now admits that he knows nothing of the world, â€Å"_since no man knows aught of what he leaves, what is’t to leave betimes? Let be_. † (V. II. 207-208). Hamlet has reached the climax of his philosophy; he has prepared himself for death. Claudius is the villain of the piece, as he admits to himself: â€Å"_O, my offence is rank it smells to heaven_† (III,III,40). His fratricide is the corruption invading the events around – that which is, in the words of Marcellus, â€Å"_rotten in the state of Denmark_. † Claudius is socially capable, and his charm is natural. He can exhibit deep distress Finik 6 over his â€Å"_dear brother’s death_† but quickly turns mourning into celebration and moves on â€Å"_With mirth in funeral and with dirge in marriage_† to whatever lies ahead. He is a very decisive man and recognizes that he his â€Å"_offense is rank_† and â€Å"_smells to heaven_,† he also admits that he will not make amends with God because he refuses to give up what his crime has profited him. He is willing to take the consequences of his actions after death while enjoy a great lust of power in life. Despite the vast amount of experience, Polonius is naive. Polonius’ inability to understand Hamlet reflects his ability to understand things. To prove his belief in Hamlet’s madness he invokes a little play-acting from Ophelia. He misdirects Ophelia into reading a book to confront Hamlet, while he and the King eavesdrop. Although this meeting reveals that Polonius has made a great mistake, he is not in the least discouraged but immediately sets up his next plot. It proves to be his last because he is killed. If he had not misjudged Hamlet he would not have been pursuing his ill-founded suspicions and been behind the arras and gotten himself killed. In _Hamlet_, life and death provides multiple influences and consequences for each of these three characters, affecting both their well-beings and sense of meaning. In the end, Hamlet finally recognizes that life is governed by destiny itself, and that no alteration can be done with any amount of questions or actions. He awaits death at a moment’s notice. Claudius on the other hand, has accepted the fact that he will suffer after death in hell. He is not willing to capitulate his power and therefore decides to live his life the way he wants, knowing that he has committed crimes to others. His meaning in life is to live life to the fullest and accept what may happen after death. Polonius acts like a fool, attempting to rival the other main characters by using eloquent words that do not represent what truly composes him, making him a hypocrite. While he depends upon his memory, he utters lengthy phrases, and gives useful counsel, but, as he ages, he cannot Finik 7 be kept busy and intent, Polonius is subject to the desolation of his capabilities. He loses the order of his ideas, and entangles himself in his own thoughts. The meaning of life for Polonius may seem unclear, or entangled. He means well for his children but also takes thoughts too far and may seem to over think. He is ignorant in foresight and the idea of dotage engulfing upon wisdom will solve all of the phenomena for Polonius. In the end, Hamlet, Claudius, and Polonius have all expressed what their true meaning in life is. Whether it be to accept destiny’s fate, avoid suffering after death, or, to act foolishly and hypocritically, life and death has most definitely forged a path for all three of these characters. Works Cited Shakespeare, William. _Hamlet. _ Ed. Roma Gill. Glasgow: Bell and Bain Ltd. 2009.