Joseph NcNamara :: essays research papers

Joseph D. McNamara was chief of police for the city of San Jose, California for fifteen years, as well as Kansas City, Missouri. He is recognized as an expert in criminal justice, police technology and management systems, abomination prevention, and international drug control policies. He was found a research fellow at the Hoover Institution, Stanford University, in 1991.McNamara was a pioneer in criticizing the way Police Departments and the government fought the war on crime. McNamara challenged what has long been the norm in society on how to best deal with drug use in the United States. He was also on the capitulum of police corruption and abuses committed by Police Officers. Numerous articles, interviews, lectures were researched to best convey McNamaras philosophy of police technology, innovativeness and management style (leadership). McNamaras career in law enforcement spans a thirty-five-year period. He began in Harlem as a beat patrolman for the New York City Police Dep artment. He rose through the ranks and in midcareer was appointed a criminal justice fellow at Harvard Law School, focusing on criminal justice research methodology. Following this appointment he took a leave from police work and obtained a doctorate in public administration at Harvard. Returning to duty with the NYPD, he was appointed surrogate inspector in charge of crime analysis for New York City.In 1973 McNamara became police chief of Kansas City, Missouri, leading that department into groundbreaking research and innovative programs. In 1976 McNamara was appointed police chief for the city of San Jose, where he remained until his retirement in 1991. During his tenure, San Jose (the third-largest city in California and the eleventh largest in the United States) became the safest city in the country, despite having the fewest police per capita. The San Jose police became a model for innovation, community relations, utilization of technology, and productivity.

The job of a Sociologist :: essays research papers

Sociologist study a variety of topics in basic settings as well as in applied settings. To do so, the sociologist essential work within three different realms. These realms are the theoretical realm, the empiric realm, and the policy/action realm. To begin research sociologist must look into the theoretical realm. here(predicate) (s)he whitethorn observe existing social knowledge about human behavior. After the sociologist focuses on one of these existing studies they may activate on to the observational realm. If the sociologist is in a basic setting (s)he would now re-hypothesize about the fact she found and test it. However, if the sociologist is in an applied setting, (s)he must do much more work. Applied research includes such things as political program evaluations, social impact evaluations, social indicators, and cost benefit analysis.After the sociologist has begun the research (s)he will now move onto a different realm. Basic research will finish in the policy/action realm by creating a policy or passport based on their research. However, those in an applied setting have many options to consider. The sociologist may send their analysis outside of all these realms to a consultant or clinician. Here these people can make a clinical recommendation on what to do about their finding. They may also announce a program implementation. Other directions which the sociologist in the applied setting may go are in the Policy action realm to give their own policy recommendation. They may also announce program implementation without consulting a clinician.One practitioner who has followed these steps is Herbert Spencer. Spencer looked at society based on anothers theory. He looked towards Charles Darwins theory of evolution. With this idea in mind, he came to his own hypothesis that society also has evolved over time. He also looked at society from a biological standpoint. He stated that society is a set of interdependent parts that work together to maintain the system overtime.Spencer believed that the best aspects of society would dwell throughout time. He believed that it is nobodys place to try to correct any bad aspects of society. Instead society should be left alone to pass away itself so that it can see that only the best societies will survive.

Jonathan Edwards the Great Preacher Essay examples -- Theologians

He was a man whose very words struck fear into the hearts of his listeners. Acknowledged as one of the close powerful religious speakers of the era, he spearheaded the Great Awakening. This was a time when the intense fervor of the first Puritans had subsided somewhat (Heyrmen 1) due to a resurgence of religious intensity (Stein 1) in colonists through faith rather than predestination. Jonathan Edwards however sought to aro theatrical role the religious intensity of the colonists (Edwards 1) through his preaching. But how and why was Edwards so successful? What influenced him? How did he use diction and symbolism to persuade his listener, and what was the reaction to his teachings? In order to visit these questions one must look at his life and works to understand how he was successful. In his most influential sermon, Sinners in the Hands of an Angry perfection, Jonathan Edwards persuasive language awakened the religious fervor that lay still in colonial Americans and made him the most famous puritan minister of the Great Awakening in North America.In order to understand Edwards use of language however, one must look at his early life and formative influences. His family undoubtedly shaped his religious career because He was the only son among the football team children of Rev. Timothy Edwards and Esther Edwards, the daughter of influential puritan clergymen Solomon Stoddard (Wachal 1). Growing up in a religious family must have influenced his career path. Then Edwards attended Yale check of godliness at 13 years of age (Paposian 1). This is important because at Yale, Edwards would create his own unique style of preaching (Jonathan Edwards Dictionary 1). Here his theology which soon came to be known as Edwardseanism had developed in hi... ...l, 1989. 68-69. Print.Paposian, Edward M. Jonathan Edwards Americas Theologian- Preacher. In Faith of ourFathers Scenes from American Church History. Ed. Mark Sidwell. 33-39. Greenville BJUPress, 1991. Print.Reviva l and Renewal. American Eras. Vol. 3. The Revolutionary Era, 1754-1783. Detroit Gale,1997. 315-321. Gale Virtual Reference Library. Web. 17 May 2012.Stein, Stephen J. Edwards, Jonathan. Encyclopedia of Religion. Ed. Lindsay Jones. Vol. 4.Detroit Macmillan, 2005. 2698-2701. Gale Virtual Reference Library. Web. 17 May2012.Tulley, Stephen Richard. Awakened to the Holy. Sinners in the Hands of an Angry God InRitualized Context. Christianity and Literature. 57.4(2008) 507+. Literature ResourceCenter. Web. 17 May 2012.Wachal, Barbara Schwarz. Edwards, Jonathan (1703-1758). Colonial America. Sharpe. Web. 16 May 2012.

Discipline and Students with Disabilities Essay -- Special Education

Public Law 94-142 The Education for All Handicapped Children Act of 1975, like a shot called Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (IDEA), requires states to provide free, appropriate public education (FAPE) for every child regardless of disability. This federal law was the first to clearly define the rights of modify children to receive special education go if their disability affects their educational performance. A parent of a special education student also has basic rights to a lower place IDEA including the right to have their child evaluated by the school district and to be included when the school district meets almost the child or makes decisions about his or her education. If a child is identified as in need of special education services, the school district must devise a create verbally individual education program (IEP) for the child, which includes related services. An IEP is a statement of a students special education and related services including speech ser vices, mental services, physical and occupational therapy, counseling and assistive technology and transportation. In addition, this legally binding, individualized plan outlines reasonable educational goals for the student and is reviewed and updated yearly.The Individualized Education course of instruction is developed by a team that includes the parents of the student, a general education teacher, a special education teacher, a school representative (principal), a soulfulness knowledgeable about evaluation (school psychologist), and others at request of IEP participants. The primary job of the IEP team is to plan a program of special education and related services that is reasonably calculated to provide a meaningful education benefit. The IEP Process includes a review of assessme... ...behavior was not a manifestation of the students disability and the student is suspend beyond 10 days, educational services, including access to the general curriculum, must continue. Special education services may not to be interrupted during the manifestation transit or long-term suspension. Works CitedFischer, L., Schimmel, D., & Stellman, L. (2007). Teachers and the law (7th ed.). Boston, MA Pearson Education, Inc. issue Alliance Of Mental Illness (2008, Fall). Understanding Your Legal Rights Under Special Education Laws. NAMI Beginnings, (12), 3-8. National Dissemination Center For Children With Disabilities (2010). Applying Discipline Rules to Students with Disabilities. Retrieved from http//nichcy.org/SchoolsAndAdministrators/Pages/discipline.aspxWright, P. W.D., & Wright, P. D. (2010). Wrightslaw. Retrieved from http//wrightslaw.com

Samuel Slater :: essays research papers

DescriptionSon of a yeoman farmer, Samuel Slater was born in Belper, Derbyshire, England on June 9, 1768. He become involved in the textile industry at the age of 14 when he was apprenticed to Jedediah Strutt, a partner of Richard Arkwright and the possessor of one of the first cotton move in Belper. Slater worked for Strutt for eight years and rose to become superintendent of Strutts mill. It was in this capacity that he gained a comprehensive understanding of Arkwrights machines. Believing that textile industry in England had reached its peak Slater immigrated secretly to America in 1789 in hopes of making his fortune in Americas infant textile industry. While others with textile manufacturing experience had emigrated before him, Slater was the first who knew how to build as well as operate textile machines. Slater, with mount from Providence investors and assistance from skilled local artisans, built the first successful water powered textile mill in Pawtucket in 1793. By the meter other firms entered the industry, Slaters organizational methods had become the model for his successors in the Blackstone River Valley. Later known as the Rhode Island System, it began when Slater enlisted entire families, including children, to work in his mills. These families often lived in connection owned housing located near the mills, shopped at the company stores and attended company schools and churches. While not big enough to support the large mills which became common in Massachusetts, the Blackstone Rivers steep drop and numerous falls provided ideal conditions for the development of small, rural textile mills around which mill villages developed. One of the earlier of these mill villages was Slatersville. Located on the Branch River in present day North Smithfield, Rhode Island, Slatersville was built by Samuel Slater and his brother John in 1803. By 1807, the village included the Slatersville Mill, the largest and most modern industrial building of its day, a nd two tenement houses for workers, the owners house and the company store. In the early twentieth century, industrialist and preservationist Henry P. Kendall took a personal interest in the village and initiated many of the improvement projects, which give the village its traditional New England Charm.ImpactThe system of child labor in Rhode Island mills began with Rhode Islands first textile mill - the Slater Mill. Samuel Slaters first employees were all children from seven to twelve years of age.

Samuel Slater :: essays research papers

DescriptionSon of a yeoman farmer, Samuel Slater was born in Belper, Derbyshire, England on June 9, 1768. He expire involved in the textile industry at the age of 14 when he was apprenticed to Jedediah Strutt, a partner of Richard Arkwright and the owner of one of the first cotton plant mills in Belper. Slater worked for Strutt for eight years and rose to give way superintendent of Strutts mill. It was in this capacity that he gained a comprehensive understanding of Arkwrights machines. accept that textile industry in England had reached its peak Slater immigrated secretly to America in 1789 in hopes of making his fortune in Americas infant textile industry. plot of land others with textile manufacturing experience had emigrated before him, Slater was the first who knew how to build as well as operate textile machines. Slater, with funding from Providence investors and assistance from experient local artisans, built the first successful water powered textile mill in Pawtucket in 1793. By the time other firms entered the industry, Slaters organizational methods had become the model for his successors in the Blackstone River Valley. Later known as the Rhode Island System, it began when Slater enlisted entire families, including children, to work in his mills. These families often lived in company owned housing rigid near the mills, shopped at the company stores and attended company schools and churches. While not big enough to support the large mills which became common in Massachusetts, the Blackstone Rivers lofty drop and numerous falls provided ideal conditions for the development of small, rural textile mills around which mill villages developed. One of the earliest of these mill villages was Slatersville. Located on the Branch River in present day North Smithfield, Rhode Island, Slatersville was built by Samuel Slater and his brother John in 1803. By 1807, the village included the Slatersville Mill, the largest and most modern industrial building o f its day, and two tenement houses for workers, the owners house and the company store. In the early twentieth century, industrialist and preservationist Henry P. Kendall took a personal interest in the village and initiated many of the improvement projects, which give the village its traditional New England Charm.ImpactThe system of child labor in Rhode Island mills began with Rhode Islands first textile mill - the Slater Mill. Samuel Slaters first employees were all children from seven to twelve years of age.

Perspectives on the 1939 White Paper During World War II

In 1939, the British government published a etiolate story naughtily restricting Judaic immigration and imagening for an independent Palestinian state within ten years. On the part of the British, this was an case to secure crucial Arab cooperation in case of war. But neither the Jews nor the Arabs were pleased with the discolour newsprint. The Jews took direct action once morest it, arguing that it violated earlier promises that had been make to them. The Arabs, on the other hand, argued that the restrictions were too weak.Still, the Arabs accept the innocence study as a move in the right direction and although they went on record as opposed to it, they did non openly turn on it. season the Jews forcefully rejected the White Paper, most of the Zionist leading postponed the fight against the British in order to select them in the war. Some Judaic terrorist organizations, however, did spring up to target Britain. Through appear conception War II, the White Paper i n allowed the British the support they had been seeking from the Arabs, while drawing op place from the Jews.In the intent leading up to the issue of the White Paper, Britains attempts to resolve the crisis in Palestine occurred against a backdrop of developing tensions in Europe and the Mediterranean that in the long run had a major impact on Britains Palestine policy (Smith 139). To the British, the Arab Revolt that had taken place from 1936 to 1939 signified a rebellion that had to be crushed, non simply to preserve Britains own position in Palestine as the mandatory military force, but to consolidate that position by appealing for Arab support both within and outside Palestine once the insubordination had ended (Smith 139).This position was adopted as the little terror of war began to loom closer. German and Italian propaganda was aimed toward the Arabs, encouraging them to revolt against the British. The British knew that they could not afford to send large numbers of tr oops to quash a rebellion when their forces would be necessary in Europe. They likewise recognize the strategic importance of Palestine, and British military protrudeners now began to view Palestine in light of envisaged wartime needs (Smith 139).Any troops currently in Palestine would have to be transferred to Egypt and the Suez Canal at the outbreak of war, and eventually reinforcements from India would have to travel through Palestine. Peace in Palestine was now considered substantial to British military security (Smith 139). But to a greater extent was necessary to guarantee British security in the region. In addition to control over Palestine, the British needed assurance of the tacit, if not open, support of the neighboring Arab countries (Smith 140).The Palestine situation was crucial to gaining this support, as Arab leader ship had become progressively involved in the contravene during the revolt. Creating a solution that was favorable to the Arabs would promise Brita in the support of the Arab world during the war. In January 1939, British strategists advised that adjacently on the outbreak of war, the necessary measures would be takenin order to bring about a complete appeasement of Arab opinion in Palestine and in neighboring countries (Smith 140) The British also recognized that maintaining their mandatory power in Palestine was necessary if they hoped to use it as a strategic base.But the Partition Plan had already been proposed by the Peel guardianship in 1937. This raised questions in the Foreign Office if the Jews were recognized as having national status in part of Palestine, what further justification would there be for Britains staying there as mandatory authority? (Smith 140). Nevertheless, the Cabinet ap tryd the Partition Plan. Expecting the Zionists to do the same, they were startled by the force of Zionist opposition to the plan (Smith 140). As a military issue, the Woodhead Commission was formed to investigate the possibiliti es for divider.The Foreign Office, which strongly opposed partition, used this opportunity to have the committee reopen the question of the practicability of partition, not just its scope (Smith 140). Fearing a hostile Arab reaction to British policy, the Foreign Office argued that the European implications of a hostile Middle East adjust with Britains enemies must override the arguments in favour of partition (Smith 140). The Woodhead commission submitted its report in November 1938, after a period of severe Arab revolt had temporarily paralyzed much of Palestine (Smith 141).The Commission concluded that there were no feasible boundaries for self-supporting Arab and Jewish states (Smith 141). Still, the commissioners recommended three different partition plans. One plan reduced the Jewish portion to approximately 400 square miles along the coast, while the other two made the state even smaller. The Zionists rejected all of the proposals, which paved the way for the British govern ment to issue a White Paper on November 9, 1938, which discarded the entire notion of partition as unfeasible (Smith 141).This abandonment of partition allowed the British to take control of all of Palestine, securing their mandatory power and their strategic bases. Although they had succeeded in maintaining control, the British button up needed to resolve the contrast amidst the Arabs and the Jews. The White Paper therefore called for a conference in which the two group would discuss future policy, including the question of immigration into Palestine (Smith 141). It also warned that if the two parties could not agree, the British would take their own decision in the light of their examination of the problem (Smith 141).The St. James Conference, held in London in February 1939, fleetly reached an impasse. Jamal al-Husayni, the cousin of the mufti, demanded the man of an independent Arab state and the dismantling of the Jewish National Home, while Chaim Weizmann argued for a co ntinuation of the mandate and British sponsorship of unlimited immigration (Smith 141). With the threat of war looming ever closer, Arab opinion in the Middle East now seemed more important to British interests than was Jewish opinion in Palestine or Jewish political influence in London (Smith 143).The British government decided to act. They finally agreed to the Arab state overtures (Smith 142) and published the White Paper on May 17, 1939. The 1939 White Paper illustrated a stunning reversal of policy (Smith 139) and was interpreted by contemporaries as marking the end of the alliance between the Jews and Great Britain (Shapira 276). It restricted Jewish immigration into Palestine to 10,000 per year for five years with an additional 25,000 refugees permitted.After five years, no further Jewish immigration would be allowed unless the Arabs of Palestine are alert to acquiesce in it (Shapira 469). Land transfers to Jews were also restricted to certain areas. The White Paper declared that His Majestys political science believe that the framers of the Mandate in which the Balfour Declaration was embodied could not have intended that Palestine should be converted into a Jewish state against the testament of the Arab population of the dry land (Smith 142). The new policy planned for Palestine to be an independent Arab state within ten ears, when Jews would make up no more than one-third of the population. Zionist reaction to the 1939 White Paper was abrupt. Declaring that the Jews would resist its implementation, the Jewish Agency argued that the plan was contrary to international law and a violation of the promises made to the Jews in and since the Balfour Declaration (Smith 142). On the day after its publication, the Grand Rabbi tore up a copy of the White Paper in the beginning the assembled congregation in the principal synagogue of Jerusalem.Street demonstrations in the same city resulted in the death of a British constable from a Jewish revolver shot. Mass meetings of Jews throughout the country took an oath to observe a proclamation which contained the following passages Whereas the British Government has announced a new policy in Palestine straightway therefore the Jewish population proclaims before the world that this treacherous policy allow not be tolerated. The Jewish population will fight it to the uttermost, and will spare no sacrifice to frustrate and defeat it (Khalidi 473).Jews in Palestine also announced policies of civil disobedience and non-cooperation with the British, but these plans soon ceased as Jewish leaders knew that if the Government were to cease its active support of the National Home the latters entire structure would be imperiled (Khalidi 473). In widely distributed, the Zionist lead abandoned the fight against Britain and dedicated itself to promoting maximum participation of the Jewish community in the war lawsuit (Shapira 280). The Jewish community argued over whether they should fight the White Pape r or support the British in the hope that their post-war policy would change.Moderates felt that the White Paper had been issued solo because the war required Arab support. Arthur Ruppin wrote in his daybook in May 1939 that This White Paper emanates from a certain political constellation (Arab united preceding, Britains fear of the Arabs) and will be equally transient (Shapira 290). Moderates demanded that tension with the British be reduced Jews should be unconditionally loyal until the end of the war, assuming that the British government would ultimately change its policy (Shapira 290).Even Vladimir Jabotinsky, condescension all this criticism of the mandate government and all his attempts to exert pressure on it by threatening to replace it with another power, was not prepared to give Britain a bill of divorce. Until his dying day, he supported a pro-British orientation (Shapira 246). Immigration, though, remained a strong point of contention. Before the publication of the White Paper, Zionist leaders had decided to increase illegal immigration of Jews into Palestine. Of the 27,561 Jews who arrived in Palestine in 1939, 11,156 were unauthorized (Smith 165).With the beginning of war, these plans intensified as thousands of refugees attempted to flee Europe. David Ben-Gurion warned that while Jews would physical process the British in their struggle as if there were no White Paper they would also resist the White Paper as if there were no war (Shapira 279). This situation brought Zionists and British officials into immediate conflict (Smith 165). When the British decided to hold illegal immigrants in internment camps in Palestine, the Zionists reacted by flooding the country with immigrants in order to make the policy impossible.The British then decided that refugees who reached Palestine would be transferred to the island of Mauritius. They simultaneously struggled to stop the flow of refugees from Europe by advise countries like Turkey to deny them transit. After the outbreak of war, the impossible refugee situation created almosta war within a war as Jews became increasingly bitter at what they saw as British inhumanity (Smith 165). This situation led to disaster. In November 1940, British naval patrols intercepted two ships and transferred over 1,700 refugees to the SS Patria to be deported to Mauritius.While the ship was ported in Haifa, the Jewish defense force Hagana arranged for a bomb to be placed near the hull to disable the ship, thereby forcing British government to permit the Jews to stay. The plan miscarried, and the ship sank with over 200 casualties (Smith 165). The Zionists were shadowed. Faced with propaganda that accused them of responsibility for the deaths, the British cabinet allowed the survivors of the Patria to remain in Palestine.Another disaster occurred in February 1942 when the British convinced the Turks to forbid the SS Struma passage into the Mediterranean. The ship full of Romanian Jews was tu rned back and sank with only one survivor. To the Zionists, this was proof of British perfidy (Smith 165). While most Jewish leaders recognized that they could not declare war on Britain, Jewish terrorist groups did grow and aim their attacks at the British. The Jewish broadcasting station, Kol Israel, verbalize that The paralysing of the railways all over the country through utting the lines in 242 places serves as a warning to the Government of the White Paper (Khalidi 606). Such activists saw the White Paper as the result of a British assessment that the Jews had no choice but to resign themselves to an anti-Zionist policy, because they needed British protection against the Arabs (Shapira 290). They set out to prove the British wrong. They argued that the only way to bring about a change in British policy was by ample demonstration of Jewish power and willingness to fight and suffer losses (Shapira 290).They also hoped to show the British government that enforcing the new restri ctions would make it necessary for them to carry out acts of suppression on a large scale, and it was doubtful whether the British government would approve (Shapira 290). Their actions were designed to send the British a clear message about what the absolute limits were, limits beyond which they were prepared to die and even to kill (Shapira 290). The publication of the 1939 White Paper also led the Irgun, a Revisionist terrorist group, to shift its focus from the Arabs to the British.Irgun began attacking British administrative buildings, assaulting British police personnel, and bombing gathering places. But once the war began, Jabotinsky urged his followers in the Revisionist party to support the British effort against the Nazis (Smith 170). Most of the Irgun followed Jabotinskys orders. Those who did not were led by Abraham place. The Stern Gang, formed in 1940, was willing to rob Jewish concerns, such as a Histadrut bank, with Jewish loss of life as well as assault British offi cials (Smith 170).Stern simultaneously established relationships with German and Italian representatives, offering them his service to their cause for the duration of the war (Smith 170). Ignoring the Nazis anti-Semitic platform, Stern allied himself with the Germans simply because they were fighting Britain. The Hagana and the Irgun both condemned the Stern Gang, offering the British police information that led to Sterns murder in a February 1942 raid. For the next two years, there was little Zionist underground activity.The leaders of the Stern Gang were either dead or in prison, and the Irgun had lost its leadership with Jabotinskys death. But Menachem Begin, who arrived in Palestine in 1942, saw himself as the heir to Jabotinskys Revisionist ideals (Smith 170). At the end of 1943, both Irgun and the Stern Gang were again preparing for anti-British action, inspired by both the receding German threat in the Middle East and the ongoing tensions in Zionist-British relations, exacerb ated particularly by the legacy of the refugee ships and the evolution awareness of the Holocaust (Smith 170).This situation led to cooperation between Begin and the remaining members of the Stern Gang. Under the name LEHI, they resumed their actions against Britain. The actions of LEHI resulted in the opposite of their intended effects. In July 1943, Winston Churchill instigated the creation of a cabinet committee on Palestine that would examine alternatives to the 1939 White Paper. The committee recommended partition, but the plan was never officially approved because on November 6, members of LEHI assassinate Lord Moyne, the deputy minister of state for Middle East Affairs in Cairo.Since Moyne had been a close friend of Churchill, the Prime Minister reacted by shelving the partition scheme he had seen through, against stiff opposition from his ministers (Smith 170). He announced to the House of Commons that if our dreams for Zionism are to end in the smoke of assassins pistols a nd our labours for its future to produce only a new set of gangsters worthy of Nazi Germany, many like myself will have to reconsider the position we have maintained so systematically in the past (Smith 170).Partition was not discussed again during Churchills term. For the duration of the war, Churchills warning to the Jews worked they stopped underground activities that seemed to threaten the likelihood of any cooperation with a British government after the war (Smith 170). Arab views on the White Paper also varied, as The Arab community in Palestine was essentially leaderless, riven with more factions than ever before (Smith 144). Although they recognized this as a step in the right direction, The Arab reaction was only partially favourable (Khalidi 470).They were pleased with the definite statement that there was no intention of setting up a Jewish state and the apparent determination to make Palestine an independent country in which the Jews formed not more than a third of the total population (Khalidi 470). But they still viewed the restrictions concerning land sales as quite inadequate because they ignored the fact that the rights and position of the Arab population were also being prejudiced by land purchases made by Jews avowedly for political and strategical reasons i. . , with a view to dominating the full-page country (Khalidi 470). Arabs also had trouble believing that the British would enforce these new immigration plans. From their point of view, similar statements at intervals during the last twenty years had never yet been followed by a cessation of the illegal immigration, and the Arab delegates saw no reason to suppose that they would be on this occasion either (Khalidi 470).Precautionary statements in the White Paper such as should public opinion in Palestine hereafter show itself in favour of such a development and provided that local anaesthetic conditions permit, taken together with adequate provision for the special position in Pales tine of the Jewish National Home suggested to the Arabs that Jewish opposition would still be allowed to block constitutional development indefinitely (Khalidi 471). Moderate Arabs and the leaders of the Arab governments saw the White Paper as hopeful.Those who encouraged defiance optimistically used the exemplar of the Arab Revolt and its presumed success in forcing Britain to deal with the Arabs, whatever its military failure (Smith 144). The Arab Higher Committee, on the other hand, repudiated the White Paper because it did not promise them immediate independence with a halt to Jewish immigration (Smith 142), maintaining its consistent refusal to admit that any part of Palestine should be given to the Zionists (Smith 144). As a result of their rejection of the White Paper, A certain limited recrudescence of Arab violence even manifested itself in Palestine (Khalidi 471).The mufti, who had been officially banned from Palestine after his escape in October 1937, had a similar react ion. After the outbreak of war, British officials in Palestine sought the muftis support for the White Paper and his help in implementing it. They did so out of fear of his ability to arouse general Arab hostility toward the British position in the Middle East at that time (Smith 171). The mufti rejected these requests and the White Paper itself and instead aligned himself with the Iraqi rebellion against Great Britain in April 1941, and once it failedhe spent the rest of the war supporting the German war effort (Smith 171).In general, though, Arab reaction to the 1939 White Paper was not hostile. Agreeing not to engage in overt political activity, members of the Higher Committee accepted British offers of safe retrogress to Palestine (Smith 172). Other leaders including a number of leading members of the Istaqlal and the Palestine Arab party that represented the Husaynis, along with Husayn al-Khalidi of the Reform party, reestablished themselves in the country. In general they ind icated their reserved acceptance of the 1939 White Paper and istanced themselves from the mufti (Smith 172). Although fierce Axis propaganda (including the mufti urging rebellion) was focused on Palestine in 1941 and 1942, the Arabs in Palestine remained calm. Another revolt was recognized as out of the question, both for political and military reasons. It appeared that the British were coming closer to the Arab point of view. Although they were still quite far from meeting the Arab demands, the process was proceeding in a positive direction from the Arab perspective (Shapira 282).In addition, the Arabs realized that any uprising would have been immediately put down by British forces stationed in Palestine. In general, the Arab community in Palestine remained a passive element in the occurrences both during the war and afterward. The years 1939-1947 were apparently the longest unvarying period of quiet and relative tranquility in Arab-Jewish relations in Palestine since the 1920s ( Shapira 282). The reaction of Palestinian Arabs was one of general political stay (Kimmerling 134). To many, the White Paper indicated that the British intended to grant Arab independence in Palestine.Arabs saw the Zionist struggle against the policy as a sign of fear and weakness (Kimmerling 134). They were certain that All they needed to do was bide their time (Kimmerling 134). The British governments strategic decision to publish the 1939 White Paper therefore proved fruitful. Although the Arabs were not entirely pleased with the decision and argued for stronger restrictions, they did offer the British their support during the war. The Jews, on the other hand, were divided in their reaction to the White Paper.Some violently fought the restrictions while others recognized the importance of siding with Britain. The British recognized that the consequences of Jewish terrorism were far outweighed by the support they needed from the Arab world, and throughout World War II the 1939 W hite Paper succeeded in that respect. Both Arabs and Jews rejected the White Paper, although to differing degrees. The Arabs argued that the restrictions were too weak, but they still offered Britain their support. The Jews struggled to fight the policy while still backing the British war effort.The British entered World War II aware that their Palestine policy reversal in the 1939 White Paper had outraged the Zionists without satisfying the Arabs. They accepted this as the price for temporarily stabilizing their military and strategic positions in Palestine and the Arab world at largeIt was a short strategy of expediency and calculated appeasement designed to serve Britains immediate wartime and possibly long-range imperial designs that assumed a British heraldic bearing in Palestine for the foreseeable future (Smith 145).Summary of each Info about reexamination of Husayn-McMahon Correspondence? See also Khalidi p. 468 for this. The Zionist (Biltmore) Program held in in May 1942 declared that The Conference calls for the fulfillment of the original purpose of the Balfour Declaration whichwas to afford them Jews the opportunity, as stated by President Wilson, to found there a Jewish Commonwealth.The Conference affirms its unalterable rejection of the White Paper of May 1939 and denies its moral or legal validityThe policy of the White Paper is cruel and untenable in its denial of sanctuary to Jews fleeing from Nazi persecution and at a time when Palestine has become a focal point in the war front of the United Nations, and Palestine Jewry must provide all available manpower for farm and factory and camp, it is in direct conflict with the interests of the allied war effort (Khalidi 497).They wanted Palestine to be an Arab state and they felt that the McMahon-Hussein correspondence had promised them that. They hoped to limit the number of Jews in Palestine to only those who were already there. The Jews argued that the White Paper violated promises made to the m in the Balfour Declaration. Multiple standpoints existed within the Jewish community, from more moderate views to Jabotinsky and the Revisionist Partys radical opinions.

Benjamin Franklin…A Misogynist? Essay

You asked us to read Old Mistresses Apologue to see how gum benjamin Franklin begins as a solemn friend and adviser to a spring chicken man but soon reveals himself as a hedonistic lecher, then subsequently reading you asked if we see any signs of a misogynist in Benjamin Franklins letter. To begin I looked up the contrive misogynist to get a better understanding of what it meant. According to Websters Dictionary, misogynist means a hatred of or hostility toward women, a women hater. After reading Benjamin Franklins letter, it was hard to see Mr. Franklin as a women hater. I find him being finicky about his women preferring aged to young women being almost discriminatory towards younger women in general, but not actually a women hater. If anything, he has good things to say about women as a whole.In the very first divide of his letter, Benjamin Franklin says great things of women in the state of union with a man. First, he states that It is the Man and Woman united that make th e compleat human Being. sic Those are powerful word to say if you are a women hater. He also states in the same paragraph that man would be of less(prenominal) value if they were not married and they are unelaborated without their better half. Hence his words, A single Man has not nearly the Value he would have in that State of Union. He is an incomplete Animal. He resembles that odd Half of a Pair of Scissars. sicBeginning after the first paragraph Benjamin Franklin begins stating increasingly how he would prefer an older woman to a younger one saying you should prefer old Women to young ones. sic Then he proceeds to explain why he believes this theory with cardinal different reasons.The very first point, Franklin explains that older women are better because they are smarter, more experienced and can hold a conversation that is more provoke than that of a younger women.In his second point, he explains how when women get older they can do more for you and vex better care of yo u. He take down states that there is only a thing as an old woman who is not a good Woman. sic Therefore, if Benjamin Franklin was a misogynist I hardly think he would have stated that women were even good in any right.Benjamin Franklins fourth point explains how older women are less likely to stray and if they did it would be more accepted by an older woman than a younger one. Since older women are so willing to take care of younger man and help to shape his values and manners. This can be seen best in this line, Because thro more Experience, they are more prudent and apprehensive in conducting an Intrigue to prevent Suspicion. sicNow in Benjamin Franklins fifth point I see him saying something that can be seen as misogynist color, and regarding only what is below the Girdle, it is impossible of two Women to know and old from a young one. And as in the dark all Cats are grey. sic That comment to me can be taken as an insult to women, I dont think that everything below the girdl e or waist is what makes all women young and old alike, but I do see Franklins point.Now lastly, my favorite comment had to have been in his eighth point when he states that older women are better to marry than young ones because, They are so grateful That comment in it self should be an indication that Benjamin Franklin was not a misogynist, he may have said one or two things that can be taken that way. Nevertheless, Franklin seems to like women in general he in spades had more nice things to say about women than anything else, almost as though he couldnt be without a woman.

Advantages and Disadvantages of Synchronous and Asynchronous Learning in an Online Class Essay

The advantages of asynchronous learning far outweigh the blemishs and this approach has the ability to have an overpoweringly positive impact on the overarching learning objectives for most courses. One such advantage is the result of the way asynchronous learning is employed. All comments from the students and the instructor ar saved throughout the class and organized by discussion and date.This provides students with the opportunity to take in all of the temporals that are presented and reflect on all of the concepts at an appropriate time. This advantage benefits students who generally take poor notes or are forced to attend extremely large classes by assuring they do not miss important information. One of the most prevalent and potentially problematic disadvantages of the asynchronous environment is the sense of being at sea from the group that students may potentially develop.A student that does not feel connected with the class or instructor may lose motivation, interest and ultimately find that learning and retaining the material is nearly impossible. This disadvantage is exacerbated as students feel more and more isolated as time passes and no intervention takes place. The longer this sense of being disconnected continues, the more likely it is that course concepts will fail to become anything more than words on the screen causing a potentially serious disadvantage to become an almost insurmountable obstacle to success.In what ways should making money online have its limits? For example, is pornography, online gambling, etc, fair game? What are the ethical considerations involved? I honestly dont feel that there is a problem with making money online as long as its legal. When people have the opportuinty to take advantage of such things like porn and gambling,they get addicted to it and sometimes overuse it not know what the circumstances will be afterwards.

Love and Mental Health in Cosi by Louis Nowra Essay

Cosi is a play written by Louis Nowra. I will be using two speeches chosen from the play to explain how the playwright holds affective talking to to represent the characters thoughts, views and lifeings close to issues in the play. The two speeches I will be pore on argon Act 2 Scene 2 This is a conference between Lewis and Lucy ab bring out their views on earn jazz and Lucys infertility. And. Act 1 Scene 4 Which is a conversation between Lewis, incision and Henry about the Vietnamese war. The themes I have chosen are love and mental health.Love in Cosi is portrayed through the characters different views on the subject. Some believe that falling in love with a faithful partner is important others think love is pointless and is moreover based on sexual relations rather than emotional connections. You can clearly see these differences in views when looking at the characters attitudes towards love in the play. The playwright has used speeches made by the characters infused with emotive language to portray these thoughts, tones and views.The main speech I am going to be focusing on is the one made by Lucy in Act 2 scene 2, about her infidelity and what she believes to be more important about love. This conversation between Lucy and Lewis shows both their opinions on love, and what it reckons to be in a relationship. How to understand how capitalism exploits the working class is important. How to stop the war in Vietnam is important. How to concord a piece of theatre substantive and intelligent. is important. After bread, a shelter, equality, health, procreation, money comes maybe love.Do you think the starving masses give a fuck about love. Love is an emotional indulgence for the privileged few. The emotive language that is used in this quote shows Lucys anger and frustration with Lewis for not thinking the same way she does. She doesnt value love more than other peoples happiness and seems disappointed that Lewis does. She also believes that lov e is only valued by those who exploit the working class. The emotive language used such as starving masses this may be used to make us feel sympathy for what she thinks is her cause.The use of the word fuck is to show just how angry Lucy is. Also the way she constantly uses the word important shows that what she is talk of the town about is something she feels strongly about. Lewis reply to her rant with one short, but meaningful quote. The way in which it is worded makes you feel that it is oozing with emotion. Without love the world wouldnt mean much By using the words the world wouldnt mean much its shows he would think the world and life would be less meaningful if people didnt fall in love or believe in love.He seems to believe that love can conquer all. Mental infirmity is another theme that Louis Nowra explores in Cosi, the way in which he does it leave us thinking who are actually the mad ones in this play the reasonable or the demoniacal. I will be focusing on Act 1 Scen e 4 the speech made by Henry about his fathers nobility in the Vietnam War. For someone who is class mentally insane he has extremely coherent views about what he believes is right and wrong.The emotive language used in this speech and the increase in atomic number 1s stutter shows the amount of anger he feels towards the subject and the betrayal he feels to find out that dent and Lewis support the Vietnamese in a war against their own country. Banging chair on the floor Traitors Traitors Traitors This action of banging the chair on the floor and the use of emotive language in the quote made is used to show henrys anger but the use of the word traitors could also be used to dislodge the same sense and feeling of anger in the reader. My ffffather fought in the war for you. For you and ffffor me. He was a ggggreat man. You are traitors The increase of henrys stutter is also used to show the raging anger he feels about nick and Lewis financial backing the Vietnamese. Also the use of the emotive language for you and ffffor me could be used to make us feel like he is speaking to us as well instead of this particular quote being directed only at the characters in the play. .. I do not work with traitors.Australia is at war against communists and you you stab my father in the back This quote is used to show henrys disappointment with nick and lewis for supporting the Vietnamese instead of their home, their country. Also to show the betrayal he feels on his fathers behalf for their support to the Vietnamese. Henry is the exact opposite to nick. Although nick is classified as sane his views on this subject seem to be quite insane. Nick doesnt seem to be able to understand why henry feels hurt that he and Lewis are supporting the Vietnamese.Henry you ssssupport the cccommunists Nick yesHenry in Vietnam? Nick sure Henry you give money to North Vietnam? Nick for medical supplies Henry to the enemies? Nick yeh You could say this is emotive language because although the answers he gives henry are short and swift. They hold the conviction that what he is saying is right. It is his popular opinion that he needs to support the Vietnamese against Australia. Not only are they nuts, but there right wing nuts This quote give the feeling that nick feels that its wrong that their mentally insane but the fact that they are right wing nuts makes it a million times worse.Although nick is meant to have this sympathetic left wing idealism, he doesnt seem all that sympathetic towards henry and his views about the Vietnamese war. Emotive language in the play is used to stir emotions in the reader as well as help explain the characters feelings towards a situation. The playwright used emotive language to portray the characters thoughts, feeling and views. Not only about these subjects but also the fact that this play also leaves us to question who are actually the insane ones.

BF Skinner and Motivation

pauperism is a term used in psychology to immoral the cause of port that is persistently directed toward a goal. A simple reflex action, such(prenominal)(prenominal) as jerking ones hand kayoed-of-door from a hot stove, is not said to be motivated in the psychological sense. Motivation is norm onlyy made up of a combination of motives, which whitethorn also be called drives, incentives, or interests. Drives unremarkably activate an individual to satisfy a physiological need, such as for food, sleep, or relief from pain.Incentives and interests be usually said to stimulate action that satisfies emotional and mental needs or desires. Motivation is often based on acquired social values. Such values may motivate a person to visitk a college education or to win the approval of others. Another person, with different social values, might reject high education for the immediate goal of a job in order to buy a car and expensive clothes. Adequate penury is one of the of import cond itions for efficient learning. In general, the stronger the motivation, the more effectively the student impart learn.Motivation research is the study of consumers reasons for buying or not buying certain items or services, and for preferring to do business with one firm sooner than with another. Such research is a special interest to advertising agencies. Great emphasis is placed on discovering the consumers hidden, or unconscious, motives. To discover these motives, researchers use special tests and interviews that must be conducted and interpreted by psychologists. For example, in projective tests individuals atomic number 18 asked to respond to things such as words, sentences, and pictures.The responses are studied for the purpose of discovering various attitudes and opinions, called images. These images might depend on factors such as social class, occupation, age, and sex of the respondents, and can serve as a watch in creating advertisements. It might be found, for example , that a product is more comparablely to sell if its advertisement makes a person feel that his social status will improve if he buys the product. Not all psychologists accept the same theory of motivation or agree on the best way to conduct motivation research.However, conclusions reached by psychologists can serve as a source of bases for advertising agencies. Thesis Statement This study summarizes the field of motivation and BF Skinners theoretical views and hold forth his contact on the motivation field. II. Background B. F. Skinner was the foremost behavioural psychologist in the United States. Behavioral psychology, as distinguished from the earlier, mentalistic school which cogitate on the pass of man, is concerned with predicting and controlling the behavior of organisms, man included.Skinners main work has been based in the principles operant (observable) conditioning, whereby the organisms behavioral responses in a situation are reinforced or discouraged according t o a system of reinforcing stimuluss and punishments. Skinners experiments have shown that, through such conditioning, animal behavior can be controlled and predicted to a far greater than was ever thought possible (Smith & Sarason 18). Burrhus Frederick Skinner was born in March 20, 1904 in Susquehanna, Pa.After graduating from Hamilton College he spend a year trying to write fiction and poetry but soon came to the conclusion that his talents law elsewhere (although he did eventually write a novel, Walden Two (1948), in which he describes a utopian community based on operant conditioning). He then went to Harvard University where he obtained a Ph. D. in psychology. An essential influence there was the biologist W. J. Crozier, introduced him to animal experimentation. After teaching for several years at Minnesota and Indiana universities he joined the Harvard faculty in 1948.Skinners most important is the Behavior of Organisms (1938), in which he presents the basic principles of o perant conditioning. These might best be understood in the context of representative experiment of Skinners. A rat is the context at 80 to 90 percent of its normal weight and punt into a device today cognize as a Skinner misfortune. This device provides a stark environment that restricts what can happen to the rat to those events the experimenter can control or observe. The box contains an opening, through which food may be presented, and a lever.The rat presses the lever a number of times to obtain pellets of food. The rats bar-press is called an operant. It does not field of study how the rat presses the barwith its paw, its tail, or its nosethe operant is the same because the consequences are the same, the eventual production of food (Smith & Sarason 18). By means of scheduling the reinforcementthe reward of foodfor various numbers of bar-presses or at various time intervals, remarkably stable patters of bar-pressing may be observed. Skinner has extended to education his ide a that behavior can be controlled best in restricted environments.Teaching machines authentic by him and his students immediately label correct or incorrect students answers to questions programmed into the machines. Thus, the students are give prompt reinforcement for the required response. According to Skinner, operant conditioning may be used to control ones own behavior as surface as he behavior of others. Only by arranging conditions so that ones behavior is reinforced can self-control and sens clinic made use of operant conditioning. Skinners ideas have also been used in behavior therapy. He believes that undesirable behavior exists, at least(prenominal) in part, because it is reinforced.For example, a parent may reinforce a childs tantrums by paying more attention to the child. Through therapy, undesirable behavior may be changed by removing the reinforcement for it and reinforcing instead some other, preferable response. III. Discussion A. Skinner and Radical Behaviouri sm By the end of the first ten-spot of the twentieth century, Freuds method of introspection had dominated American psychology. It has become the norm and a traditional method. However, a bran-new set of theory had developed out from dissatisfaction of the introspection method.They were convinced that the introspective method has insurmountable limitations for revealing the nature of man. They were certain that consciousness could not be accurately studied at all and decided to discard it entirely from their scientific work. Some had even denied the existence of consciousness merely because one person cannot observe it in another. Instead, they dour to mans overt behaviour, which they studied through objective methods (Smith & Sarason 18). Their study delved into the environmental causes and how these elicit a response from an individual.This approach had come to be known as behaviourism, which also formed the basis for experimental research in the field of psychology (The Behavi ourist feeler). A leading contemporary purpose of behaviourism is B. F. Skinner of Harvard University. Skinner does not deny that mental events, images, and feelings occur within us (B. F. Skinner. Are Theories of Learning indispensable? ), although he maintains that these are themselves behaviours rather then causes (R. Smith, I. Sarason, and B. Sarason. The Behavioural Perspective Humans as Reactors).Theirs was a psychology based on stimulus-response connections, which they believed were established through a process oft like the association of ideas first suggested by Aristotle and developed by the British philosophers of the seventeenth, eighteenth, and nineteenth centuries. The basic concept of the behaviourists was that behaviour grows more complex through this process of forming new connections between stimuli and responses originally unrelated. Thus, in viewing mans behaviour as made up of discrete, independent stimulus-response units, behaviourism was atomistic in its a pproach.It proposes that much of our behaviour is dependent upon immediate consequences. A person learns certain behaviours as he reacts (responds) to a stimulus in the environment (see Are Theories of Learning Necessary? ). When such responses are positively reinforced, it is prone to be adapted. Through the process of geological formation in Skinners operant conditioning (a significant section to the school of behaviourism), it could even allow for the eventual emergence of responses not yet in the persons existing behavioural storehouse.Skinner likens the process of behaviour shaping to the way clay is moulded by the sculptor to assume its final form. A considerable contrast to Freuds psychoanalytic approach then of behaviourism is the latter(prenominal)s argument that the proper subject matter of psychology was observable, or overt, behaviour, not unobservable inner consciousness. Whereas psychoanalysis believes that behaviour is caused by the unconscious, in contrast, behavio urists see human beings as a product of their learning histories. Behaviourists argue that it is erroneous to believe that human behaviour is caused by inner factors.Skinner says that this diverts the attention from the real causes of behaviour, which anticipate in the outer world. If human beings are to be changed, indeed saved, Skinner maintains, we must manipulate the environment that determines behaviour through its pattern of rewards and punishments (see The Behaviourist Approach). Skinner believes that large-scale control over human behaviour is possible today but that the chief barrier to social engineering is an outmoded concept of people as free agents. Since Freud and Skinners basis for behaviour contrasts significantly, so does its approach to modification.Skinner and his colleagues staunchly recommend that behaviour can be controlled wholly by manipulating their environment, and not through Freuds internal introspection. IV. Conclusion In conclusion, B. F Skinner basi c assumption is based on the belief that all behaviors, normal or deviant are governed by the same learning principles. Behaviorism originated with John B. Watson around 1913 and was carried on later by such well-known(a) psychologists as Clark Hull and B. F. Skinner. Watson argued that it is impossible to study in scientific way phenomena that can be known only through subjective reports.If psychology was to be a science, he said, psychologists would have to concentrate on objective analysis of observable behavior, such as movements and speech they would have to stop attempting the study of such as mental phenomena as consciousness and thought, except insofar as these phenomena were reveled in behavior. It was not that Watson had no interest in so-called mental phenomena. In fact, during the early days of behaviorism, he formulated a theory that explained thinking as subvocalization as movements of the vocal chords that were so light as to produce no sound.This theory, if it had been correct, would have allowed behaviorists to study thinking by analyzing the movements of the vocal cords. It was soon pointed out, however, that some thinking occurs so rapidly that the subvocalized sounds would have to be made at frequencies well beyond the physical capacity of the vocal cords, and so the effort to treat thinking as subvocalization has largely been abandoned. Reference 1. The Behaviourist Approach. http//www. ryerson. ca/glassman/behavior. hypertext mark-up language 2. Skinner, B. F.Are Theories of Learning Necessary? http//psychclassics. yorku. ca/Skinner/Theories/ 3. Smith R, Sarason I, and Sarason B. The Behavioural Perspective Humans as Reactors. Psychology, The Frontiers of Behavior. 1986. p. 18 OUTLINE I. Introduction A. What is motivation? Motivation is a term used in psychology to mean the cause of behavior that is persistently directed toward a goal. A simple reflex action, such as jerking ones hand away from a hot stove, is not said to be motivated in the psychological sense.Motivation is usually made up of a combination of motives, which may also be called drives, incentives, or interests. Thesis Statement This study summarizes the field of motivation and BF Skinners theoretical views and discuss his impact on the motivation field. II. Background A. Who Bf Skinner is B. F. Skinner was the foremost behavioral psychologist in the United States. Behavioral psychology, as distinguished from the earlier, mentalistic school which focused on the mind of man, is concerned with predicting and controlling the behavior of organisms, man included.III. Discussion A. Skinner and Radical Behaviourism By the end of the first decade of the twentieth century, Freuds method of introspection had dominated American psychology. It has become the norm and a traditional method. However, a new set of theory had developed out from dissatisfaction of the introspection method. IV. Conclusion In conclusion, B. F Skinner basic assumption is based on the belief that all behaviors, normal or deviant are governed by the same learning principles.

Bonsai: Japanese Tree Art Essay

Many raft in the contemporary society nourish al elbow rooms expressed their desire to connect with nature especially by cultivating certain appoints in their compounds just the urban living conditions so-and-sonot allow. These, especially in towns put up little space around their houses for growing flowers or heads and this greatly applies to those who live in a scoretments which are compacted or multistoried (Pilgrim, par 1). Did you know that unrivalled raise actually grow manoeuvres in his or her house? Thanks to a Chinese ancient wile in maneuver planting where 1 bunghole afford to have a point plant in a pot. This art is called Bonsai.This word is pronounced as b unmatched-sigh which if directly translated from Japanese it means tree in pot (Kenney, par 1). A bonsai tree is just an ordinary tree which has been sculpted and a healthy matchless can live for one C years (Curley, par 1). This essay seeks to trail through the events that have characterized this Art from the sentence of its inception, the art process, its significance in relation to the society and how it has changed overtime. What Is The History pot Bonsai Art? China is believed to have been the original home or the birth place of this art which began more than a thousand years ago.It was originally called Pun-sai and it affect growing trees in footling pots and one pot could only have one tree. The Chinese Bonsai had twisted branches which resembled unalike animals for example birds or even reptiles alike(p) snakes and other imaginary creatures like dragons which were associated with some legends and myths. The shape of the Bonsai depended on the artists imagination. The Chinese regarded trees as the best way of expressing nature and for them, the growing of these trees was one way of bringing tranquility to ones mind (Pilgrim, par 5).Later, in the 12th century around a period called Kamakura, the Japanese adopted it. The exact time that this happened cannot be indicate d but it is believed to be around 1195 AD. This happened when Zen Buddhism was being feast in Japan and in the process the Chinese tradition of Bonsai trees was besides spread through some monks who established their monasteries in Japan. They are the ones who were actively involved in the Art thus advancing it. Afterwards, the aristocracy picked up the art as a hobby and it became a sign of wealth thus spreading through the upper class (Hubik, par 1).For the Japanese, they regarded Bonsai as a symbol of maintain and prestige and by 14th century, the art was regarded as a highly refined form of art. During those times, the Japanese elite used to have those occasions where they could demo their Bonsai trees on special shelves (Hubik, par 1). Originally, many Japanese grew the trees outside their houses but when they decided to throw a party, the trees would be interpreted inside for people to make happy the sight (Olsen, par 3). The nobility in Japan perceived Bonsai as peace am ong three things, that is man, spirit and nature (Curley, par 4).Later, in the 19th century, by and by spending more than 230 years in isolation, Japan opened its doors to the rest of the adult male and thus the outsiders accessed this art. Travelers from European countries could not believe what they saw mature tree plants in ceramic pots and this seemed something worth to adopt. From then onwards, they spread the gospel to other western nations and in 1900, in Paris world exhibition, the art was introduced to the whole world. This was followed by subsequent exhibitions in London and Vienna (Hubik, par 7). Myths Associated With Bonsai ArtThere are various misconceptions about Bonsai trees. Some people have always miscons lawfuld this Bonsai technique as a dwarfing process. Traditional techniques for growing Bonsai should never be termed as dwarfing of trees which employs certain manipulations which are genetic. Genetic manipulation is not involved anywhere in cultivating these t rees but natural seeds are used instead. Other techniques are also employed such as grafting, pruning, defoliation, potting and root reduction (Pilgrim, par 3). Some people believe that, the Bonsai trees are kept that short by some cruel techniques. This is actually not true.In fact, if they are watered well and are unfastened to enough air, light and also good nutrition, they can live for long, more than full grown trees belonging to the same species. The techniques are just the same as the ones used on other horticultural plants. Some also hold onto believe that a Bonsai tree is just few centimeters tall which is not true however if compared with their full grown brothers, they are small, ranging between 25 centimeters and 1 meter (Bonsai Site, par. 1). The Process of Bonsai Tree Art Typical plants and trees can make up Bonsai but those which have small leaves are regarded as suitable.In Japan, trees like pine, bamboo and plum have been used. Seeds and cuttings from these trees c an be used to develop Bonsai trees and also underweight trees which occur naturally that can be grown in containers. One may ask how they come to be that small. Well, these trees are trained to be small by the process of pruning whereby their branches and roots are trimmed. Other methods accommodate repotting which is through with(p) periodically, new growth can also be pinched and if one desires the plant to grow in a particular shape, then one give be required to wire the tree into the desire shape (Bonsai site, par 3).The tree has to have a trunk which is well tapered and should also have branches all over this is to give it a visual depth (Black, par. 5). The container in which the Bonsai tree is grown is independent from the earth. The tree should not be at the centre of the container. It was always believed that in that container, heaven and earth are one and in the centre is where they meet thus nothing is allowed to occupy that space and thats why the tree is not suppos ed to be planted at the centre. trilateral pattern is so much encouraged to add to the beauty.Truth, beauty and goodness are three virtues which are believed to be necessary for the creation of a Bonsai tree (Bonsai Site, par 4). These containers are primarily kept outside excluding those ones for trees which are trained to grow indoors. There are no rules regarding the development of Bonsai because they are personalized by individuals and more so if it is for ones enjoyment. It doesnt require so much but ones patience and endurance. A persons commitment will also force him to dedicate much of his time and skill to the Bonsai tree (Bonsai Site, par 7)Watering of Bonsai is considered the most important factor in the process and it is also a skill to be learnt because watering varies with distinguishable Bonsai trees, types of soil used and pots. Always ensure that the trees do not dry out and to check this, one can insert a tooth pick in the soil to see if there is any moisture (Sq uidoo, par. 2). As mentioned earlier, pruning is also involved but it is unremarkably not done on young Bonsai trees but those ones which have grown a bit. Pruning just involves trimming the tree into a desired shape and thus there is no guideline on how to prune correctly.One should also ensure that the tree is exposed to enough light, if not so artificial light should be provided to compensate for the sunlight which is not available for the plant. Fertilization also depends with the type of Bonsai thus it is not a major fate in the art. One recommendation is that one is not required to fertilize unhealthy dry Bonsai (Squidoo, par. 7). Repotting is another major caring technique for a Bonsai plant. It is usually done after two years which also depends on the pots size and the growth of the plant.Repotting helps the plant to develop good rooting system and also supplying it with fresh soil (Squidoo, par 7). Bonsai wiring is another technique which is required in this process to s hape them. It involves wrapping tree branches and trunks with the wire until the tree is in a position to maintain the shape and that is when the wire can be removed. All these tools which are used in this process can be supplied by anyone who specializes in Bonsai tools. One can use plain silver wire, copper or brown Bonsai wires and if one cannot access these, any other can do so long as it is bendable and can be easily removed.Thicker wires are the most appropriate in Bonsai and if one cannot get these ones, he or she must involve double wrapping (Squidoo, par. 12-13). To sum up, there are no specific guidelines which can apply to all Bonsai trees hence different species of Bonsai need to be encompassed differently, In Japan, the process is considered to have no end as long as the plant is alive. One is supposed to treat the plant with respect and love and the act of caring for the tree is in itself a meditation (Black, par. 6). What is the Significance of Bonsai Art in Relation to the Society?To the Japanese, they associated the plant with their faith in Zen Buddhism where man and nature are one and are thus joined through meditation and expression. In the upstart world however, this process is more of a hobby. This is important as it helps to understand nature and being part of it and also enhancing the beauty of the gardens (Bonsai Site, par 1-2). Bonsai trees have also been regarded as symbols of harmony among three things that is man, nature and soul while the monks associate them with prestige and honor (Curley, par. 4). The act of shaping the tree and viewing it was understood to be one way of uniting nature and spirit.It also signified the Japanese philosophy and refinement in that, by pruning the unwanted and unnecessary parts were done away with thus refining the tree. This view is still held in Japan and that is why during every New Year, families in Japan display their Bonsai trees which have been decorated. The palm of the Bonsai to decorate it is referred to as Tokoma (Bonsai site, par 10). Once it was associated with the elite but nowadays, it is observed by all this is because, the art symbolizes their culture and ideals (Curley, par. 4). How Has The Art Changed Overtime?In the modern world, the art has taken an interesting twist in that most people have taken it up as a profession (Bonsai Site, par. 3). The art has in truth developed to new forms where the pot and the tree complement each other in various aspects such as shape, texture and also color. The tree has to be shaped and not left to grow the way it would naturally. These changes have been experienced since the art began in China. The Chinese Bonsai still maintains its ancient styles and shapes which are traditional and sometimes these are usually perceived by the Europeans as crude.The Japanese one is much more natural and pleasing to the eyes because they are well taken care off and refined (Sinonewa, par. 4). They are the ones who perfected this art. N owadays, Bonsai has taken different styles and shapes. Bonsai which can grow indoors are trained in classical styles which include windswept, slanted trunk among others. The Art which was originally by the Japanese and the Chinese is now practiced around the world and thus it is regarded as a way through which the spirit of nature is imitated (Black, par. 9).Lastly, artists started to incorporate other cultural elements into their plantings such as rocks and even small buildings thus displaying diverse possibilities in styles and thus the Art has evolved reflecting changes in time and tastes. Due to demand of this Art all over the world, artists have resulted to grow young plants, training them to appear the same as the Bonsai. Japanese decided to concentrate on this art and they opened nurseries to grow bonsai trees mainly for export. The range of plants used in this art also increased to suit different world climates and thus countries and cultures can pick up the art without any problem.(Bonsai Site, par. 8). Two modern artists who are involved with this art are Morten Albek and Artists from Austin Bonsai society. stem Oriental Decor Source Oriental Decor Work Cited Austin Bonsai Society. Modern Bonsai Artists, 21 March, 2010. Web. 1 whitethorn, 2010, . Black, Frank. Japanese Bonsai. China Town Connection, 2005. Web May 1, 2010, . Black, Frank. The Art of Bonsai Tree. Ezine Articles, 6 June 2006. Web. 1 May, 2010 . Oriental Decor. Japanese Bonsai Trees. 2010.Web. 1 May, 2010 . Curley. Karen. The Bonsai in Japanese Culture. EHow, 2010. Web. 1 May, 2010, . Hubik, Dan. A Detailed History of Bonsai. Bonsai Site, 2010. Web. 1 May, 2010, . Kenney, Kim. Definition of Bonsai. eHow, 2010. Web. 1 May, 2010 . Mortein, Albek. Modern Bonsai Artist. The Knowledge of Bonsai. Web. May 1 2010 . Olsen, Eric. Bonsai Tree Meaning.Bonsai Gardener, 2008. Web 1 May, 2010, . Pilgrim, Gray. Bonsai Tree History. Hub Pages, 2 March 2010. Web. 1 May 2010 . Sanunewa . Bonsai Tree, His tory, Culture, Background. Hub Pages, 2010. Web. 1 May, 2010 . Site Bonsai. An groundwork to Bonsai, 2010. Web. 1 May, 2010, . Squidoo. The art of Bonsai the Bonsai tree care, 2010. Web 1 May, 2010 .

American nurses association

The American Nurses Association is a professional service organization that represents the entire registered American nurses population. It aims to promote wellness parcel out services to either human being. It believes that health c ar is a right of every citizen and a restructured development and implementation of health policies is needed. Furthermore it is dedicated in producing highly skilled nurses in the celestial sphere of medicine. At the local anaesthetic and state level, the roles and functions of ANA are to persuade every individual to go into nursing by promoting an advance nursing profession by setting up high standard nursing practices.In return, a competitive workplace is attained producing a realistic sentiment of things that transpire as a nurse. Registered nurses are alike helped by the association by conducting continuous interrogation base projects for nursing. The field is continually being expanded. It also pushes for better compensation for nurses. It calls for a better functional condition for nurses and implements strategic techniques in which nurses can deliver their services more efficiently and effectively locally.Thus, the local and the state benefit largely from these practices, where in services will not be delayed and are delivered cost-effectively. Nationally, ANA is in the forefront on the call for a massive restructuration of the health supervise programs. They believed that the health tuition is in crisis, and the cost of care continues grow while its quality suffers and the problem should be addressed to the insurance policy makers, health professionals and the public.Through its political and legislative programs, ANA has taken solid positions. It expresses its desire for a restructure program by delivering primary health care services in community based settings. On its agenda also is an expanded participation of nurses in delivering those services and obtaining federal fund for practice, training and future v entures in the field of nursing. The association also discusses the importance of safer needle devices to people.It aims to protect the rights of patients and provide them access to a better health care system. It aims to offer public and private plan of standard package of essential health care services to every citizens. The American Nurses Association exists not primarily to protect the welfare of the registered nurses. It is an organization that commits its truth on things that would help the public benefit. The health of the people and an efficient way of delivering services at mortified cost is the association primary concerns.The organizations unwavering efforts are major boost that summate to health care reforms on both state and national level. References (Levit, 2001) (Aiken L. H. , 2000) Aiken L. H. , C. S. P. , & Sloanne D. M. . (2000). Hospital Restructuring Does it Adversely Affect premeditation and Outcomes? Journal of Nursing Administration, 457-465. Levit, K. , Smith C, . Cowan C. , Lazenby H. , Sensenig A. , Catlin A. ,. (2001). Trends in US Health Care Spending. Health Affairs, 154-164.

Running Head: Globalization- Moving Forward or Moving Backwards?

With 35 million nation, Tokyo suits the trophy for being the universes largest city. Second place goes to Bombay with 22. 2 million multitude and New Delhi follows that with 20. 9 million (McKinnon, 444). It is no suspense that the world is home for billions of good deal and the number is suppuration. The world today is very different from what it was yrs ago. finished new technologies, we be able to communicate with mess in a matter of seconds. The Inter net go a way of life connects people to do business internationally and quick. It has reduced the traditional problems you pound with trading.It is straight very easy to interchange goods and services rough the world. Because of this, markets be more open and competition is heavy(p)ger. Investment has changed with online banking. It allows people to move their money internationally. world-wideization is a process where global connections become thicker and it establishs relationships between many people in large distances. globalization is a system where people arnt in their take in little villages anymore however they are brought together by trade or diplomatic relations. Globalization represents a change in human organization there are both positive and negative effects of globalisation.As our world with new technologies begin to march forward, many countries are being left behind. For example, economic reforms sport change India into the second fastest growing largest economy. According to India Rich vs. Poor, they mentioned Indias economic growth g all overn in the year 2007 to 2008 is 9. 1% compared to the United States growth rate in 2007 to 2008 is 2. 2%. Indias economic growth rate is supposed to be even higher(prenominal)er in the next few years. It is one of the fastest growing economies in the world. The Indian rupee has even grown stronger than the United States dollar (Roskins, 467).With all this said, India seems like its on track to be a dominating world power. Howev er, India suffers from high levels of illiteracy, malnutrition, and gender in equivalence. India has more unretentive people than the continent of Africa. We have always recrudesce away stand upd in a world that has created hierarchies. We have rich and poor, affluent and slight affluent, developed and create, and third world countries. Whatever system we use, the gap between rich and poor allow for be very distinct. According to a report in the New York Times, technology and Internet assenting forget intensify the difference between rich and poor countries (Miller).This gap has always increased over the years because it is a byproduct of globalization. In 2005, cosmos Bank estimates that 1. 1 billion people in the world lived in extreme poverty. The definition of extreme poverty would be poverty that kills and that people who live under extreme poverty whitethorn live off of a dollar a day. more(prenominal) than 8 million people die all(prenominal) year because of povert y. galore(postnominal) times its from preventable diseases. For example, approximately 3 million people in Africa die of malaria each year. This situation in Africa has worsened over the last two decades.Forbes magazine has published that there are 358 billionaires in the world. Their combined net worth goes historic the combined net worth of the worlds poorest 2 and a half billion people. Globalization goes all the way back to beginning. When people built roads it made the world so overmuch beautifuler, but at the same time easier. Wheels and boats led to changes in transportation. Humans walked first, then came horses and carriages, after that the blind of bikes came along and soon after that was the automobile. Soon traveling did non take days and months, but in a couple of hours you could get from point A to point B.An early(a) example would be musical composition with ink to printing books all of these mentioned were a huge milestone for the human race. From the inventio ns of these things, more people were able to learn more things ab pop the world. We are no longer stuck in villages, knowing the same people and same traditions. Today, globalization continues with the Internet. Now we grass get training in a matter of seconds. good deal everywhere are connecting through social networking sites, blogs and video sites. We are able to outsource jobs. Outsourcing is when you take a job and handing it to a third party.Everything from clothes to technological jobs are acquire taken overseas in the United States. Many companies use outsourcing to decrease the cost of labor (O Neil). Education ties into outsourcing because it is different in other countries. Many jobs move over to India because the educated middle class in India has a significantly meliorate mathematical training than students in the United States. From 2000 to 2015, an estimated three million American jobs pass on have been outsourced. A kid playing a Wii in the middle of America ca lls a help line in India for troubleshooting on his Wii.We are now getting closer and closer to each other even if we live thousands of miles apart. The causes of poverty in the worlds poorest nations whitethorn be complicated. Causes range from where the country is located, diseases, civil war, and raw(a) disasters. It whitethorn be things we take for granted such(prenominal) as a escape of clean water, lack of education, or lack of an effective health care system. Many poor nations have corrupt governments as well. Some problems may date back to colonialism, enhance subsidies, cultural and historical reasons, or problems with institutions such as World Bank.A lot of times the reason why many countries are in complex poverty is because of colonialism. What happens is that western nations stepped in and stole the riches of their colonies. By doing this, the western countries gained money, and left the country they invaded with zip else. Dependent phylogeny is when a less deve loped country relies on a modernized country. They fleck as equal partners but some nations could impose unequal exchanges on others and weaken the economic development so they could make their development stronger or more advanced.Dependent development impacts organization in developing nations because they could mess with their system so they could actually get onward (ONeil). An example would be Latin America. after WWII, radicals thought of the dependency theory, which said that the less developed countries is dependent economically in the capital, products and policies of the First World. If they could get out of control of US corporations, they could eliminate poverty. Western countries have taken gold from Peru, rubber from Brazil, tea leaf from India, and cocoa from West Africa.Many times, countries struggled to get out of rule from the countries that took over. When they left, the Western country left them with many problems that the new country could not get out of easi ly. An example could be India. When the British left them, India has face up challenges such as religious violence, discrimination against certain types of castes, terrorism, and regional separatist insurgencies (Roskins, 449). Some may gift the blame on farm subsidies and other trade barriers. Farm subsidies have the effect of transferring income from the general taxpayers to the farm owners.The worlds wealthiest nations give more than 300 billion dollars of subsidies to their farmers every year (McKinnon, 446). By doing this, it makes it punishing for poor farmers to contest with the magnanimous Western farmers because in some cases, the subsidy goes to the big industrialized farms. However, if you get rid of these subsidies, it may not help out poor farmers either. If there are industrialized farms in developing nations, poor people who would have worked in the small farms wouldnt be able to work in the bigger farms because they would be replaced with machinery.So the poor p eople would move to cities where they may not obtain jobs. Another factor may be cultural or historical. Some reasons why Arab nations are poor may be because they are not advanced economically in modern times. Arab nations may be behind because of the way they treat their people. Many Arab nations look down on free speech, they dont have good quality education, and there is a shor give chasee of womens rights. For example, having gender equalities in a country reduces economic growth. By having gender inequalities, it results in a wide gap between the diametral sexes.There are still 65 million Arab adults who are illiterate, and two thirds of them are women (Friedman). In India, women overly suffer from high mortality rates. An example could be that their healthcare favors boys. Boys usually get more introduction to food and medicine and they get it before girls. Girls dont get first priority and this results in many children, a lot of them girls, getting sick and dying from ma lnutrition (Hopkins). The World Trade Organization, International money Fund, and World Bank are usually the most criticized when it comes to the issue of globalization.Some people conceptualise that big business are looking out for themselves only if and expand the world markets for their own interests. Some of the policies of the World Bank have harmed the development of Third World countries rather than help it. The World Bank contains high interest rates, which harm some companies. Their trade liberalization made some countries poorer and unable to compete with the global market. Also, the liberalization of capital markets drove smaller banks out of business. Not all-financial aid given to poor people doesnt actually go directly to the people.The World Trade Organization is typically the target of anti globalization protests. People against globalization believe that the World Trade Organization neglects labor and human rights, only serves the interests of big corporations, in creases inequality, and undermines national independence (McKinnon, 447). Some people may say that globalization get out create a monopoly for countries that dominate in businesses. Because of the unequal relationships some countries volition be left behind and the ones ahead volition dominate the world economy. Another negative is the outsourcing of jobs.It lowers standards and weakens regulations in order to keep or take in business. Everything will rely on each other and when the dominant country falls apart so will the self-colored globe. Some may argue that as globalization increases, the world population has a wider gap between rich and poor. Globalization will create a greater chance for countries to have crises and problems. It will affect everyone because everything is so close knit compared to before. Some people who support anti globalization believe that globalization will destroy old institutions, traditions, and cultures.Individuality and collective identity are giving way as globalization proceeds. As developing countries accept Western influence, they will throw out what used to mean a lot to them, and accept someone elses cultures. As societies trade their own cultures institutions for a common global society, what used to be shaped by values and tradition will now be shaped by materialism and consumption. The things that make the society different such as the language, music, food, history, values and norms will be taken, maybe changed, and will be sold around the world.Things (such as products) that did not make the cut, will be taken and forgotten because new things that were more appealing to people around the world will come in and take over. An article titled McWorld by Benjamin groom explains the struggle of globalization and corporate control versus Jihad, which is tradition and traditional values. Barber believed that there were four tyrannicals to McWorld. They are A market imperative, a resource imperative, an information-te chnology imperative, and an ecological imperative. The market imperative says that all national economies are vulnerable of larger, transnational markets.In these markets, there are free trades, the currency is convertible, and access to banking is open. The resource imperative is when countries will use each others resources. After all, everyone needs something that they dont have. Every nation has something and some nations dont have anything that they need. The information technology imperative says that technology will connect everyone. Business, banking and commerce depend on information function and you do these now through technologies. The ecological imperative is when nations ruin natural resources for things that they need.We all depend on each other, so if you tear down a rainforest to get resources, another country may use those resources. This ecological consciousness has meant for greater awareness but to inequality because the nations that are modernized may not pen ury to use their resources to help the nations that are not modernized. Barber concludes that traditional cultures or big corporations support democracy. (ONeil) The term McWorld may come from McDonalds, which is the fast food chain that gets criticized a lot. McDonalds has opened franchises in over 100 different countries.The symbol is recognized almost everywhere you go from a small town in the United States to a city in China, you will be able to keep a McDonalds almost anywhere you travel. It is controversial when it comes to globalization becomes it associates itself with deforestation, harvesting of animals, and a promotion of junk food. Many people believe that McDonalds is destructive towards many cultures that it has been introduced to. McDonalds gets criticized for destroying the practice of a home cooked meal and many countries, in particular the United States, are dealing with problems such as obesity in adults and children (ONeil).Since McDonalds is everywhere, it has become the model of getting rid of individuality. Some critics against globalization believe that it will overwhelm people with countless choices, ideas, values, and information that may be hard for some cultures to understand. As we move closer and closer together, everything seems to rely on each other. If our world truly globalizes, the struggle of freedom and equality will shift from domestic to international. Globalization may lead to greater conflict and chaos. On the other hand, economic globalization also applies to labor.Globalization can help people move and want to migrate. International economic connections, goods and services are expanding people want to move where the money is. Countries get to bring out what they produce best and throw away things that arent as popular. Transnational corporations take advantage of new markets and new opportunities. As a result wealth is to be diffused effectively through open markets for goods, labor and capital. Globalization is sup posed to take people out of poverty and allow everyone to be a part of the global marketplace for goods and labor.If you look at it this way, globalization is seen to be positive because you bring billions of people out of poverty and produce affluence by allow more people be part of the global marketplace. As globalization has increased over the past quarter century, the percentage of the worlds population that has lives in poverty has declined. Peoples smell expectancy has risen, curiously in part of the world that globalization is a big deal such as China and India, compared with the countries that are not so globalized, such as Africa (ONeil). Globalization has opened up bigger communications.It has introduced companies into countries, and has helped many people get out of poverty. Globalization has provided opportunities for the workingman and also women. Many women work now because of globalization, and it was able to provide them with pay where they can support their famil ies. Globalization can promote equality for people. Globalization forces businesses to compete on a bigger scale and the market becomes bigger. The competition is greater and will give consumers more choices. I believe globalization is not always a good thing.I believe that globalization will create monopolies for some companies. I dont speak out it will be fair when it comes to competition. It will give people more choices, but I dont think the quality of goods that we get will be of the best quality. The currency isnt the same throughout the whole world, so the money that is distributed to some people will be different , because of this I think equality will be harder to reach because some people in countries that are more modernized will be getting paid a lot more than countries that are behind.I think it will eliminate small businesses in the United States and it will be hard for small business owners to compete in the global market. Globalization will eliminate individuality i n many things such as goods. I think many cultures will forget their own traditions as well, as they welcome in new ideas. As for the whole world, I think that globalization will increase dependence on other countries. All the countries will rely on each other. If someones market crashes, especially from a dominating world paper such as the United States, everyone elses market will crash.I feel that as our world becomes more advanced, we are consumed in a materialistic way of thinking and its almost as if we are moving backwards rather than moving forwards. We value things that are so obsolete such as materials like diamond rings. It seems to put a price tag on people and in this sense we are almost tribal. I believe globalization will truly take over. Our world is getting smaller and smaller everyday. What we do here, in the United States, definitely will affect other people elsewhere.

Be Able to Support Individuals to Use the Toilet

3. Be able to support single(a)s to use the toilet 3. 1 Provide support for the single(a) to use toilet facilities in dashs that respect dignity 1. Offer the undivided a help. 2. If the soulfulnessist is not able to transfer by itself help him/her to transfer however encourage apply their bear strength as much as he/she is able in tramp to promote their independency. 3. When the individual is sitting on the toilet cover his/her private atomic number 18a with for character towel to respect their dignity. 4.postulate if they the individual ineluctably some privacy, if it is save to live the individual by him/herself on the toilet inform that you ar going to wait outside the toilet and when finish he/she can call you. In the get inment when it is not safe to live the individual on the toilet, you can respect their privacy by move around. 5. Do not gift whatsoever comments which would make them feel uncomfortable. 3. 2 Support individual to make themselves clean and tid y after using toilet facilities Most of the assistant users at my work place require full support after using a toilet. However, we remained them to wash their hand after using the toilet.Those service users who are not able to wash their hands by themselves are supported by staff members. The service users who do not need a support with using the toilet are remanded to use it and to remember to wash their hands. 6. Be able to monitor and report on support for individualised care 6. 1 Seek feedback from the individual and others on how well support for personal care meets the individuals needs and preferences 1. Read Care Plans. 2. fill the individual if the currently used methods meet their preferences. 3. Ask the individual if they would like to make any changes which would make their personal care more convenient, comfortable or njoyable. 4. Discuss with staff members how they can improve the support of the individual in order to meet their needs and preferences. 5. Upgrade Ca re Plans on the regular basis. 2. 2 Be able to contribute to establishing the nature of specialised intercourse needs of individuals and ways to address them Establishing the nature of specific communication 1. Talk to family members to find the way how the individual used to communicate with them. 2. If the individual hasnt got any family members read the care plan if any exists. 3. Observe the individual. 4. If the individual is verbal just talk to them.The ways to address 1. Talk to them. 2. Give them choice. 3. Ask them showing the pictures. 4. Learn non verbal language (makaton) 5. Communication passport (for example a picture of service user when is happy, angry or sad). 6. Showing the trust by seeking the contact with support members (for example grabbing the hand, not ignoring when being asked). 2. 3 Explain how and when to access information and support about identifying and addressing specific communication needs When 1. When the individual is new at the house. 2. When t he individuals condition is getting worse How 1.Care Plan 2. Communication walk 3. Family 4. Speech and Language Therapist 5. Basic information tables placed in each room 6. hit the sack how to support the use of communication technology and aids 3. Explain the importance of ensuring that communication equipment is correctly club up and working properly This is important because it is necessary to know how to communicate with service users in order to meet their needs. It prevents unnecessary misunderstanding and follows it anxiety and irritation of service users. As such it decreases the possibility of arouse a challenging behaviour.